Behav Brain Res 1995;69:13-22. Also, correlation is high when theta waves in the thalamic reticular nucleus are matched to those occurring in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. On the functional role of consciousness. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. Whereas Freud was convinced that dream forgetting was an active function of repression, Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) attribute the failure to recall a dream to a state-dependent amnesia caused by aminergic demodulation of the sleeping brain (120). Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:867-76. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. Frequency clearly increases and becomes regular, as compared with the trend before oniric activity. Xu Q, Xie H, Zheng D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med. 131. Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. 135. The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Brain Res 1967;5:221-35. Ergebn. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. Exp Brain Res 1989;74:11-23. 48. eCollection 2020. It is not known why and how the potent inhibition of motoneurons is bypassed by the descending impulses that cause such movements but this is, possibly, a key phenomenon for the understanding of the mechanisms and the function of dreams. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. Therefore, it seems that there are two major descending pathways from the rostral pons to the medulla that mediate muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep, one involved in the tonic and the other in the phasic muscle inhibition. Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. Vanni-Mercier G, Pelisson D, Goffart L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Eye saccade dynamics during paradoxical sleep in the cat. 106. Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). 55. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams Inasmuch as rats do not tell us their dreams, we inferred the kinds of dreams by considering the patterns of movements the animals performed. Timo-Iaria C, Valle AC. 8600 Rockville Pike In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. Such a finding is incompatible with the current function attributed to the cerebellum, i.e., only correction of movements. Wehr TA. Freuds wish-fulfillment. Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:433-6. 103. The oscillation of the sleep depth as cycles, as is well known presently, is quite clear in this figure. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. From a very weak inhibition in early infancy, it goes up rapidly up to 15 years of age, evolving asymptotically from this period on. 67. This hyperpolarization is due to an increased motoneuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions, which suggests that glycine or -GABA are released on the motoneuronal membrane during desynchronized sleep (44). 124. 81. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. Neurosci Conscious. Bookshelf (eds.) 44. Dreaming has been a subject of cogitation since remote Antiquity. Perachio AA. Pompeiano O. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. Science 1953;118:273-4. 7. Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. Webanalyzing dreams. Therefore, the wider is the eye rotation, the higher is the recorded potential, which occurs when the eyes are scanning the environment. During the first half of the twentieth century, despite the heavy influence of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically studied scientifically. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. Axons from neurons of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis descend along the ventral and ventrolateral funiculi and connect with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord (55,56). We spend a lot of time sleeping. 11. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. (1999) (126,127,129,130). During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). Analysis of the electro-oscillograms yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. The Psychology of Dreaming. The value of r is as high as 0.9618 when theta waves in the hippocampal CA1 field of one side are matched with those in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, what points to a close temporal relationship between theta waves in hippocampus and in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. 32. Nat Rev Neurosci. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. Bourgin P, Escourrou P, Gaultier C, Adrien J. WebThis theory also implies that dreams are not independently functional but rather a coproduct of the sleeping brain, reflecting the dreamers physiological and psychological Rerum Natura, I et II. Generation of sleep is reasonably well known but not that of dreaming. Hobson JA. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. In fact, we ignore almost completely why we dream. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. 16. Figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. ", "As to the oviparous creatures, it is obvious that they sleep but it is impossible to state that they dream. Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Gottesmann C. Theta rhythm: the brain stem involvement. 42. Maquet et al. 136. Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. 6. Maquet P, Pters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G. Nature. WebAs the foregoing discussion of rival theories of dream function suggests, there are many findings that contradict the idea that dreams have any kind of physiological or J Physiol (London) 1993;461:549-63. Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. Advances in Sleep Research, vol. Another change of the electro-oscillograms we disclosed in rats by carefully analyzing their time-course while a dream is on (as well as during attentive wakefulness) is the presence of short periods of desynchronization that interrupt or superimpose on theta waves. The authors concluded that the correlation they found was probably involved in memory consolidation but such coincidence may indicate that during dreaming memorized information is being revoked to integrate a given dreaming pattern. For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Magoun HW, Rhines R. An inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1938;128:533-9. Brain Res 1967;6:706-15. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. 123. Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. At the age between 7 and 9 years Foulkes' subjects produced much more consistent narrations of the dream content, as should be expected (24). Oswald I. In some mammals only one hemisphere at a time may be in desynchronized sleep. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. The site is secure. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. 31. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). An important contemporary of these authors, Charles Darwin, in his landmarking book Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872 and reedited several times in the twentieth century (6), states that "at least birds and mammals do dream", a concept that still remains unchallenged, despite which most researchers that carry out studies on sleep still hold that dreaming is specifically human. Respiratory frequency decreases during the entire sleep cycle but is phasically activated during dreaming because it is a vegetative function that has to be increased in any behavior, including the oniric ones. Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). (eds. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. Science 1994;265:676-9. 83. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. Inasmuch as all this relevant knowledge is entirely ignored, we hope the present review may help in rescuing it (4). In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. In: Baust, W. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. For example, it could refer to a goal that you want to reach within your lifetime or zoning out and daydreaming during the day. For the first time, direct and systematic investigation could be made of such topics as the occurrence, qualities, recollection, and childhood development of dreaming. Intermediate state of sleep in the cat. 72. Such a recovery means that other mechanisms are put into action that are able to generate not only wakefulness but desynchronized sleep as well. It seems that not only humans but also dogs, cows, sheep and goats and the entire family of four-legged viviparous animals do dream. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Some presently available explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. 18. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. In an extensive review on this subject, Solms (2000) describes a complete cessation of dreaming in patients with posterior cortical or deep bilateral frontal lesions (96). Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. In the past, most civilizations boasted having wise people who could tell the meaning of dreams if conveniently paid for that, a fancy profession that still has its counterparts in modern nations. In rats penile erection in desynchronized sleep has also been detected and was found to cease after spinal transection; following mesencephalic transections that spare desynchronized sleep, penile erection was deeply reduced (11). 76. In humans the electro-oscillograms during desynchronized sleep are expressed as overall cortical desynchronization, whence the adequacy of the name created by Moruzzi, desynchronized sleep. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:369-96. 15. It is well known that the noise of an airplane usually does not awake people who live in the neighborhoods of airports but a light door creek may be enough to arouse them, as well as the groan produced by an infant child may arouse the parents, mainly the mother. 5. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. & Bertini, M. Timo-Iaria C, Negro N, Schmidek WR, Rocha TL, Hoshino K. Phases and states of sleep in the rat. WebAbstract. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. Plenum Press, 1990. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Different effects of several brain areas may affect dreaming in different ways. the apparitions. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. Apparently, the main cause of such a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate is the active inhibition of the baroreceptor reflexes during this phase of sleep. 1. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. Jung R, Kornmller AE. In 1986 Vertes advanced the hypothesis that random endogenous activation of the brain stem (dreaming?) Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. 50. In humans, equivalent potentials can be recorded from the occipital cortex. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. government site. 133. 112. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. In this preparation body temperature is not regulated anymore and the animal has to be artificially warmed at nearly 37C. 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). 64. They include facilitation of memory storage, MeSH Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. Another hypothesis to account for desynchronized sleep function is that this phase of sleep is programmed to occur when central temperature is low and that it has a thermoregulatory function. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. Despite the fact that many studies have found that mental activity during wakefulness differs from that during dreaming, the mechanisms involved in both may differ as to the degree of control over the release and combination of memorized information in wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep. Geniculate spike activity in primate sleep and wakefulness. There is experimental evidence that eye movements are generated near the nucleus of the abducent nerve but Pompeiano (1967) does not agree with this view (10,41). Head jerky movements may reflect vestibular dreams. As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). Recordings of the electrical activity of the brain, which we will refer to as electro-oscillograms, reveal specific patterns that express the phases of sleep in several central regions of the brain, including the phase during which most oniric activity takes place, the desynchronized or paradoxical sleep. The authors suggest that structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the erection that occurs during desynchronized sleep. Therefore, any neural event, be it running or just thinking, or dreaming, requires a large amount of oxygen, which is carried to the nervous system by the blood through powerful hemodynamic adjustments, such as increase in blood pressure, heart rate and central blood flow (21,25,26). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur for the most part involuntarily during certain stages of sleep. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1967;45:352-423. The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". 120. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. 116. A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Gottesman C, Gandolfo G, Zernicki B. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. 38. Thermoregulation is impaired in desynchronized sleep (64) but it is unlikely that body temperature changes due to dreaming activity, inasmuch as variations of temperature are slow while dreaming is a fast pace phenomenon. 56. In cats desynchronized sleep appears also as tonic cortical desynchronization (figure 3) but in the hippocampus, septal area and amygdala theta waves predominate, as in rats and rabbits. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. Depth as cycles, as compared with the trend before oniric activity illustrates an episode of olfactory vibrissal. Rem sleep, several physiological changes also take place muscles: predictability of phasic. Illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements desynchronization is the one that connects dreams in. 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