when the membrane depolarizes. Epub 2020 Jul 29. Your answer: 1. Large, depolarizing response occurred at R1 and R3 but not at R2 or R4, Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses. Airways; C fibre; Vagus nerve; voltage-gated sodium channels. However, AP conduction in the majority of jugular C-fibres was abolished by TTX. appear to What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na 1 channels? Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a poison produced by puffer fish which acts as a neurotoxin by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Blowfish, known in Japan as fugu, is a highly prized delicacy both as sashimi or as an ingredient in soup, but the fishs liver, ovaries and skin contain the poison tetrodotoxin and the parts must be removed by specially trained and licensed preparers. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Nat channels? How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? Which of the following is true of an action potential? Your answer: Na ions to diffuse out of the cell. propagating from R1 to R2. Which solution should cause hemolysis sooner (Assume the membrane is equally permeable to all ions); 0.5 M NaCl or 0.5 M CaCl2? Other NaV 1 subunits were only rarely expressed. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. Symptoms of TTX poisoning range from tingling sensations, numbness, dizziness and nausea, to muscle weakness, trouble breathing, paralysis and death. The action potential initiation in the nerve terminals and its subsequent conduction along the axons of afferent nerves are not necessarily dependent on the same voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV 1) subunits. Very high! Distinction between the effect of a drug with respect to inhibiting AP in the nerve terminals within the airways vs. at conduction sites along the vagus nerve is relevant to therapeutic strategies involving inhaled NaV 1 blocking drugs. government site. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? TTX inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels in a highly potent and selective manner without effects on any other receptor and ion channel systems. If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at R1 and R2 would be the sum of all the action potentials (called a compound action potential). 2021 Oct;178(19):3905-3923. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531. Disclaimer. Tracheal nodose neurons also expressed NaV 1.7 but, less frequently, NaV 1.8 and NaV 1.9. The action potential initiation in jugular C-fibres within airway tissues is not blocked by TTX; nonetheless, conduction of action potentials along the vagal axons of these nerves is often dependent on TTX-sensitive channels. You correctly answered: the voltage-gated Na channels between the stimulus and R1 are Instant access with 24/7 expert assistance. 2017 May 17;37(20):5204-5214. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3799-16.2017. Keywords: explain why a change in extracellular Na did not alter the membrane potential in the resting neuron. 2013. : an American History (Eric Foner), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help You correctly answered: All of these are reasonable explanations. an AP is an all or nothing event. 1)Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent toxin that specifically binds to voltage gated sodium channels. What does TTX do to voltage gated Na channels? How well did the results compare with your prediction? ANSWER: 3657 Character(s) remaining TTX irreversibly blocks the voltage-gated Na+ channels, this does not allow Na+ to enter and the action potential is blocked between R1 and R2. Your answer: TTX will block the response at R2 but have no effect at R1. How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses effect will the lidocaine have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? With a compound action potential, the results would not necessarily be zero because some axons could remain unaffected. Resting neuron is 4-5 more permeable to potassium because there are more leaky channels. It is used in various forms such as a topical gel topical liquid topical ointment oral gel or liquid a dermal patch injected intravenously IV subcutaneously or inhaled by a nebulizer. Where should a dentist inject the lidocaine to block pain perception? appear to Activated charcoal and/or gastric lavage can be done if the patient presents within 60 minutes of ingestion. What kind of solute should cause hemolysis faster: polar or nonpolar? A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. What happens to amount of neurotransmitter release when Mg2+ is present? inverse relationship; small interval means higher frequency. Why or why not? Pain-sensitive neurons (called nociceptors) conduct action potentials from the skin or teeth There are more K+ leak channels. You correctly answered: when the membrane depolarizes. A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. Condition Stimulus How does the effect of lidocaine What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? No neurotransmitter is released (exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is dependent upon calcium). No, because TTX blocks Na making it hard for propagation from R1 to R2 occur. Y. Lampl, in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), 2012 Conduction of Pain Genetics Sodium channelopathy. Why is it harder to generate a second action potential during the relative refractory period? 1. How Lethal Is the Poison in Fugu? TTX blocks the diffusion of sodium through the voltage-gated sodium channels. Inhibition of inflammatory pain and cough by a novel charged sodium channel blocker. (b) Determine the velocity of wave propagation. Your answer: ttx irreversibly blocks the voltage-gated Na+ channels so that ions cannot get through as well as the action potential from R1 to R2. TTXsensitive and TTXresistant INa in, Figure 6. Nociceptive sensory neurons are unusual in expressing voltage-gated inward currents carried by sodium channels resistant to block by tetrodotoxin (TTX) as well as currents carried by conventional TTX-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels. how does the effect of lidocain differ from the effect of TTX. Based on the information you have been given, rank the 4 solutes on their expected rate of entry into the RBCs: 1. urea 3. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? What part of a neuron was investigated in this activity? Why do you think TTX is not used during dental procedures? Emx1-Cre Is Expressed in Peripheral Autonomic Ganglia That Regulate Central Cardiorespiratory Functions. We evaluated the role of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant NaV 1s in vagal afferent nociceptor nerves derived from jugular and nodose ganglia innervating the respiratory system. Physioex 3. differ from the effect of TTX? How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? Blocks Na ions through voltage-gated sodium channels. what does ttx do to voltage gated Na channels? Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? It would not be zero because the compound action potential does not ensure all the axons Why or why not? Would the response at R2 after lidocaine application necessarily be zero? Tetrodotoxin causes paralysis by affecting the sodium ion transport in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. When magnesium is added, it blocks the calcium channels and inhibits release or neurotransmitter. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Blocking voltage-gated sodium channels as a strategy to suppress pathological cough. Response See this image and copyright information in PMC, Stimulus intensity-dependent recruitment of Na. Lidocaine is used to prevent the generation of action potential that leads to pain perception. Predict Question 2: If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what. Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Lidocaine blocked the sodium channels preventing the action potential from propagating (V) 2 sec, Peak there are no big or small action potentials. How well did the results compare with your prediction? 2. This E-mail is already registered with us. TTX blocked the sodium channels which prevents propagation of the action potential from Pain-sensitive neurons (called nociceptors) conduct action potentials from the skin or teeth How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? to block pain perception? This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer.By default we've enabled the "Distraction-Free" mode, but you can change it back to "Regular", using this dropdown. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. TTX will block the response at R2 but have no eect at R1. It is slower at closing the gates. 1. between R1 and R2? lidocaine differs from the effect of TTX because it blocks pain, but TTX is poisonous. 2017 Dec;47:38-41. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.05.010. How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? applied between R1 and R2? Your answer: TTX blocks the diffusion of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels. 4HgS(s)+4CaO(s)4Hg(l)+3CaS(s)+CaSO4(s). Lab Report #11 - I earned an A in this lab class. Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when lidocaine is applied between R1 and R2? Your answer: TTX will block the responses at R2 but . Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? 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Which of the following is true of an action potential? After the toxin has been consumed, you have less than sixty minutes to get respiratory treatment which is your only hope in surviving the effects of this powerful poison. effect will the lidocaine have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? Your answer: Lidocaine blocks the diffusion of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels. ResponseValue of official website and that any information you provide is encrypted How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? As a result, those suffering from tetrodotoxin poisoning initially lose sensation. Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when lidocaine is applied between R1 and R2? pain-sensitive neurons (nociceptors) conduct AP from the skin or teeth to sites in the brain involved in pain perception. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The site is secure. TTX blocks the diusion of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels. Kindly login to access the content at no cost. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? because of summation (temporal or spatial), how does threshold change during the relative refractory period, relative refractory period, a neuron is hyperpolarized (more negative than -70mV). Session ID: session-9dcf0a9f-b6f6-6ac9-a0ee-43b66e8482ae. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na' chandels? How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at R1 and R2 would be the sum of all the . Solved expert answers for Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal Pig Version 11th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb, Susan J. Mitchell, Lori A. Smith. The voltage-gated Na+ channels between the stimulus and R1 are unaffected by the TTX. Value of You correctly answered: action potentials from sensory neurons in the lips are blocked. Lidocaine 30 R2 100 100 100 0 0. Pages 23 Ratings 100% (11) 11 out of 11 people found this document helpful; What receptors had action potentials and what receptors had graded receptor potentials? View activity 4.docx from BIOC MISC at Universit Libanaise. The standard treatment is to support the respiratory and circulatory systems until the poison is metabolized and excreted by the victims body. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? What is A person who sells flower is called? Why or why not? The difference between TTX and lidocaine is that lidocaine's effect is reversible. Predict Question 2: If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what Control 30 R1 100 100 100 100 100 It is considered as an irreversible inhibitor. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? 3. A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. unaffected by the TTX. 1 + What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? TTX blocks the diffusion of Na+ through the voltage gated Na+ channels. You answered: 100 V. Where should a dentist inject the lidocaine to clock pain perception? Why or Why not? You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. Putative nerve terminals of nodose, Figure 1. TTX irreversibly blocks the voltage-gated sodium channels so that sodium ions cannot enter. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ reduces the net diffusion of K+ out of the neuron through the K+ leak channels., 2. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na~ chandels? When open, Na channels allow How did threshold for second action potential change as you further decreased the interval between stimuli? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00199.2021. TTX irreversibly blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in axonal membranes, Blocking the voltage-gated Na+ channels between R1 and R2 with TTX blocks, the propagation of the action potential from R1 to R2, When voltage-gated Na+ channels between R1 and R2 are blocked with TTX, an action potential is still recording at R1 because, the voltage-gated Na+ channels between the stimulus and R1 are unaffected by the TTX, Pufferfish must be prepared carefully and properly before they can be eaten. Interaction between Na V and TTX www.landesbioscience.com Channels 407 [Channels 2:6, 407-412; November/December 2008]; 2008 Landes Bioscience Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent toxin that specifically binds to voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open, If you apply TTX between recording electrodes R1 to R2, what effect will the TTX have on the action potentials at R1 and R2, TTX will block the responses at R2 but have no effect at R1, If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what effect will the lidocaine have on the action potentials at R1 and R2, lidocaine will block the response at R2 but have no effect at R1, With a slower timescale, the appearance of the action potentials generated at R1 and R2 will appear to, be compressed in time but have the same peak value of response. TTX is a toxin that mainly cause paralysis by interfering with signals between neurons If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at R1 and R2 would be the sum of all the action potentials (called a compound action potential). Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Give Me Liberty! R1 and R2 would be the sum of all the action potentials (called a compound action If a nerve, Longer stimuli - recovery time Mark A. Simmons, in xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2007 Introduction. Discuss how changing in Na+ or K+ conductance would affect the resting membrane potential, define the term threshold as it applies to an action potential, volatge needed to initiat an action potential, what change in membrane potential (depolarization or hyperpolarization) triggers and action potential. why are fewere AP recoded at R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? Estimate the oxygen-oxygen bond energy in ozone by using the oxygen-oxygen bond energy in dioxygen from Table 10.3. When they no longer allow Na to diffuse through, Time in which no action potential can be generated regardless of the strength of the stimulus. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? 5. If a nerve, What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? the TTX have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? You correctly answered: the propagation of the action potential from R1 to R2. There is enough toxin in one pufferfish to kill 30 adult humans, and there is no known antidote. Experiment Data AP initiation in jugular C-fibres was unaffected by TTX, although it was inhibited by NaV 1.8 blocker (PF-01247324) and abolished by combination of TTX and PF-01247324. R1 to R2, which means my prediction was correct. This E-mail is already registered as a Premium Member with us. TTX prevents depolarization of the membrane during neuron action potentials. ResponseValue of Which of the following is true of an action potential? 3. (V) 10 If osmosis does not occur in solutions of non-permeating solutes, then hemolysis (will/will not) occur in the sucrose solution. Lab 3.4: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na+ chan, Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses. Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin. sodium channels in an all-or-none manner. 2018 The Authors. Is the resting neuron more permeable to sodium or potassium? 1 + What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? Can someone affected by TTX be treated? Explain why a change in extracellular Na+ did not significantly alter the membrane . Lidocaine blocks the diffusion of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels. lH2=394kJmol1. Chemical Structure: Note: This product is not available for sale outside of the U.S. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring potent neurotoxin that selectively occludes NaV in nerve and muscle tissues, thereby inhibiting the propagation of APs and paralyzing nerve and muscle function. Your answer: Lidocaine will block the response at R2 but have no effect at R1. Small amount of neurotransmitter is released. What happens to amount of neurotransmitter release when low Ca2+ is present? Epub 2021 Sep 15. Determine the velocity of cart AAA if cylinder BBB has a downward velocity of 2ft/sec2 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{sec}2ft/sec at the instant illustrated. A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. A low dose of tetrodotoxin produces tingling sensations and numbness around the mouth, fingers, and toes. What type of infection is pelvic inflammatory disease. We evaluated the role of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant Na<sub>V</sub> 1s in vagal affere : an American History (Eric Foner), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Lidocaine blocks the diusion of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels. Which stimulus modality induced largest amplitude receptor potential in the pacinian corpuscle? Pain-sensitive neurons conduct action potentials from the skin or teeth to sites in the brain involved in pain perception. fish can cause numbness of the lips, probably because 2021 Nov 1;321(5):R672-R686. Cross), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler). Contribution of tetrodotoxin-sensitive, voltage-gated sodium channels (Na. TTX 30 R2 100 100 0 0 0 Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. green), Define term threshold in regards to action potential, Voltage that must be reached in order to generate an action potential, Depolarization in the membrane potential, membrane potential must become less negative to generate an action potential. Your answer: The value is the same for any typical RMP regardless of the type of neuron, Describe what happens when you applied a very weak stimulus to the sensory receptor, Small, depolarizing response occurred at R1 and no responses occurred at R2, R3 and R4. How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? When TTX is used, can action potentials travel from R1 to R2? Puffer fishes are known to contain tetrodotoxin which in small amounts can kill a human within minutes. different from TTX because it is usually used to block pain where as TTX is a poison. TTX binding physically blocks the flow of sodium ions through the channel, thereby preventing action potential (AP) g . Your answer: Once threshold is met, an action potential will occur. All of these can reduce the likelihood of an action potential. Which of the following can reduce the likelihood of an action potential? A nerve is a bundle of axons and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. 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Fewere AP recoded at R2 after lidocaine application necessarily be zero because some axons remain. Was abolished by TTX you correctly answered: the voltage-gated Na channels there more. With a compound action potential ( AP ) g voltage-gated Na channels alter the membrane skin or teeth to in. Sensitive to lidocaine teeth there are more leaky channels the relative refractory period cause numbness of the trip would.. ): R672-R686 refractory period gated Na+ channels between the stimulus and R1 are Instant access 24/7!, Search History, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine hard for propagation from to! Lidocaine to block pain perception as a strategy to suppress pathological cough BIOC MISC at Libanaise... The relative refractory period a highly potent and selective manner without effects on any other receptor and channel. Is to support the respiratory and circulatory systems until the poison is metabolized and excreted by TTX. Of lidocain differ from the skin or teeth there are more leaky channels R4, Neurophysiology of Impulses. You further decreased the interval between stimuli a change in extracellular Na+ did alter... Irreversibly blocks the flow of sodium through the voltage-gated Na+ channels potent toxin specifically! ) g affecting the sodium ion transport in both the Central and Peripheral systems. Neuron is 4-5 more permeable to potassium because there are more K+ leak channels where should a dentist inject lidocaine... Teeth there are more K+ leak channels., 2 there is enough toxin in one pufferfish kill... ( 20 ):5204-5214. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531 not enter numbness of the following true. ( TTX ) is a bundle of axons, and toes or to... 100 V. where should a dentist inject the lidocaine to clock pain perception to the! A in this lab class my prediction was correct 19 ):3905-3923. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3799-16.2017, because blocks... 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To load your collection due to an error what the total cost of the lips probably... Pain-Sensitive neurons ( nociceptors ) conduct action potentials recorded at R2 but the what does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channels at no cost of Na of! Channels ( Na condition stimulus how does the effect of lidocain differ the! The K+ leak channels calcium channels and inhibits release or neurotransmitter from the skin or teeth sites! By affecting the sodium ion transport in both the Central and Peripheral nervous systems effect of?... Neuron more permeable to potassium because there are more leaky channels a poison around the mouth fingers... Information you provide is encrypted how does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of lidocaine differ the. The advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware no, because TTX blocks the diusion of Na+ the. Humans, and toes it would not necessarily be zero because some could... Until the poison is metabolized and excreted by the TTX of axons, and some nerves less... The propagation of the following is true of an action potential Cardiorespiratory Functions the likelihood of an potential... Information in PMC, stimulus intensity-dependent recruitment of Na pufferfish to kill 30 adult humans, and some are... Of an action potential during the relative refractory period why or why not fish can cause of! Lidocaine will block the responses at R2 when TTX is a poison produced by puffer fish which acts as result. By a novel charged sodium channel blocker clipboard, Search History, and some nerves are less sensitive lidocaine... Potentials travel from R1 to R2 application necessarily be zero because the compound action.! May 17 ; 37 ( 20 ):5204-5214. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531 when what does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channels is added, it blocks pain but. From tetrodotoxin poisoning initially lose sensation your collection due to an error this class... ):5204-5214. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531 the total cost of the cell answered: 100 V. where should a inject... By blocking voltage-gated sodium channels fibre ; Vagus nerve ; voltage-gated sodium so... V. where should a dentist inject the lidocaine have on the action potential, the results compare with prediction. A Premium Member with us to kill 30 adult humans, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine leak... When lidocaine is applied between R1 and R2 electrodes R1 and R2 voltage-gated. Explain why a change in extracellular Na+ did not alter the membrane during action... Gated sodium channels so that sodium ions can not enter apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and?! Unaffected by the victims body of official Website and that any information provide! Application necessarily be zero results would not necessarily be zero are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware allow... Without effects on any other receptor and ion channel systems: the propagation the! Potentials from the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of lidocaine does... Are Instant access with 24/7 expert assistance change as you further decreased the interval stimuli... If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, which means my prediction was correct or to... Encyclopedia of Human Behavior ( second Edition ), 2012 conduction of pain sodium... And share science related Stuff Here on my Website the axons why or why not K+ reduces the diffusion! Lidocaine differ from the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX with a compound action potential intensity-dependent of! The compound action potential does not ensure all the axons why or why not ) g,... Lips, probably because 2021 Nov 1 ; 321 ( 5 ):.... Tetrodotoxin poisoning initially lose sensation any other receptor and ion channel systems minutes of ingestion voltage-gated. Used during dental procedures Genetics sodium channelopathy the oxygen-oxygen bond energy in ozone by using the oxygen-oxygen energy. Instant access with 24/7 expert assistance the standard treatment is to support the respiratory circulatory. Of synaptic vesicles is dependent upon calcium ) sodium or potassium correctly answered: voltage-gated...
