It assumed that these blocks were homogenous, all wanting the same thing. Another latent function of education is creating a hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained. The Conflict Paradigms Explanation of Education. Structural Functionalism-Systems Theory 1.Systems have a property of order and interdependent parts. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/structural-functionalism. By the end of this section you should be able to: Sociologists study social events, interactions, and patterns, and they develop theories to explain why things work as they do. Some scholars most notably Alexander (1981) have argued that the development of journalism should be seen in this light. One of the assumptions of Structural Functionalism is that a society is cohesive if it consists of various intermediate groups which share the same norms. When some part of an integrated social system changes, a tension between this and other parts of the system is created, which will be resolved by the adaptive change of the other parts. consent of Rice University. In the context of society, our nations food system is at the core of numerous social movements, political issues, and economic debates. The Proletariat follow and accept the values and norms of the Bourgeoisie because all of the institutions of society, particularly education, religion, and the economy are shaped to serve the exploitative purposes of the Bourgeoisie. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Radcliffe-Brown, a British social anthropologist, gave the concept of social structure a central place in his approach and connected it to the concept of function. In education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy, dropping out, not graduating, and not finding suitable employment. rite of passage: Structural functionalism. Functionalism addresses the society as a whole in terms of function of its constituent elements such as It assumed that these blocks were homogenous, all wanting the same thing. The socialization process is voluntary, and we can accept or reject the values and norms of society at will. Paradigms are broad viewpoints or perspectives that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society, and then to build hypotheses and theories. The bureaucracy is the primary characteristic of large-scale industrial societies. The bureaucracy provides for the economic and social needs of a society and helps to maintain social stability. Functionalism emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society, focusing on social stability and shared public values. He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). Religion is a set of symbols that identify and join adherents. 2. The U.S. and Western Europe have supported dictatorial regimes, ignored human rights abuses, and generally turned their backs on the plight of the majority of Middle Easterners and Muslims in general throughout the world. Structuralism is a branch of psychology that analyzes the human mind and the fundamental units that may be found through introspection. According to the Structural Functionalists, any form of rapid social change is perceived as something that arises when there is an occurrence of social tensions between different units of society. 7. Whereas, societies characterized with organic solidarity are economically specialized with extensive division of labor and status differentiation. Grand theories attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change. The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigms Explanation of Bureaucracies. These negative symbols engender fear, hatred, neglect, and deliberate ignorance concerning the lives of those people in our country who are, in some socially defined way, out of the "mainstream" of American society. The Conflict Paradigms Explanation of the Social Structure. Inequality is less widespread than the Conflictualists believe. Drastic changes in society are considered problematic because these rapid changes disrupt the equilibrium and result in instability. Objectives At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: Understand the concept of Structural- Functionalism Identify the early functionalists Determine the manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions of sociocultural phenomena 3. Protestants were more likely to commit suicide than Catholics in Durkheims society, and his work on this topic demonstrated the utility of theory for sociological research. The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. In the 1930s and 1940s, German philosophers, known as the Frankfurt School, developed critical theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles. Shared activities help build emotional bonds. Modern Sociological Theory ( seventh edition) . mile Durkheim applied Spencers theory to explain how societies change and survive over time. WebStructural Functionalism that is also referred to as Functionalism, lays its emphasis on the large-scale social structures, social institutions, their interrelationships, and implications on society. are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, Sociologists develop theories to explain social occurrences such as protest rallies. Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are called dysfunctions. In his initial phase of scholarly life, Durkheim was deeply impressed by the significance of functional differentiation and the theory of social evolution. Inequality is always functional (adaptive) for some segments of society and dysfunctional (non-adaptive) for others. Paradigms cannot occur or happen! The family provides important ascribed statuses such as social class and ethnicity to new members. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. Alfred Radcliffe-Brown (18811955), a social anthropologist, defined the function of any recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and continuity (Radcliffe-Brown 1952). The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigms Explanation of the Social Structure. Functionalism, however, claims that studying components of behavior and the adaptation of the human mind to different environments is vital. Schools play a vital role in shaping the way students see reality and themselves. In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists such as Parsons (1961). These systems tend to be self- maintaining and have a particular order if they are coming up on a change. The Structural Functionalist Paradigms Explanation of Inequality. The Conflict Paradigms Explanation of Religion. The family regulates sexual activity. Corrections? WebStructural functionalism holds that human societies tend to evolve toward increased differentiation, in which institutions become increasingly specialized in the functions they perform. Behaviors are not offensive because they are deviant; they are deviant because they offend. Religion (along with the family and law) helps to maintain social stability and balance by binding people to the normative aspects of their society. Yet, it can also be associated with important moments in our lives. Deviance is defined by those in power; therefore, what is deviant, is whatever offends the powerful, or whatever causes them to believe that they are losing power and control over the masses. WebThe assumptions of structural functionalism is that all systems have orders and each other is independent of each other. WebSTRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIOLOGY (CONFLICT THEORY ALTERNATIVE) Structural Functionalism is a broad perspective in sociology and anthropology which interprets society as structure with interrelated parts. This is a macro-level paradigm that describes large-scale processes and large- scale social systems; it is uninterested in individual behavior. The preeminence of structural functionalism came to an end in the 1960s, however, with new challenges to the functionalist notion that a societys survival depended on institutional practices. Deviance is based on the perceptions of individuals. How does education work to transmit culture? Although suicide is generally considered an individual phenomenon, mile Durkheim was interested in studying the social factors that affect it. Describe the ways that sociological theories are used to explain social institutions. The group is the basic unit of society and of analysis. Social facts can be understood as an invisible instrument of social control which is present in every society in the form of laws and norms. For example, while a conflict theorist studying a political protest might focus on class difference, a symbolic interactionist would be more interested in how individuals in the protesting group interact, as well as the signs and symbols protesters use to communicate their message. Religion lulls the workers into a false sense of security. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Functionalism addresses the society as a whole in terms of function of its constituent elements such as The war in Iraqwhich began in 2003, according to the Functionalist paradigm, is being fought in order to maintain security and stability in the US by keeping terrorism at bay thousands of miles away. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. WebBasic Assumptions of structural functionalism 1) Function of families are too: procreate and socialize children - Families perform the critical functions of procreation and socialization of children so that they will fit into the overall society - Parents are socially approved transmitters of culture - formal and informal role models Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking because they provide useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. His work supports the utility of theory in sociological research. One of the assumptions of Structural Functionalism is that a society is cohesive if it consists of various intermediate groups which share the same norms. More recently, inequality based on gender or race has been explained in a similar manner and has identified institutionalized power structures that help to maintain inequality between groups. This social mythology creates negative symbols that impact the actual, daily lives of the not-well-off, not Christian, not white, not female, etc. The origin of contemporary references to social structure can be traced to the French social scientist mile Durkheim, who argued that parts of society are interdependent and that this interdependency imposes structure on the behaviour of institutions and their members. It was too far removed from actual society. He believed that to study society, a sociologist must look beyond individuals to social facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashion, and rituals, which all serve to govern social life (Durkheim, 1895). Furthermore, social structure adapts to the changing needs of society, if any part of the structure acts dysfunctional then society as a whole might collapse. Functionalism, also called structural-functional theory, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Sociological Theory/ Structural-functionalism. In the past, empires such as those that existed in China, Europe, Africa, and Central and South America linked people from many different countries, but those people rarely became part of a common culture. Another noted structural functionalist, Robert Merton (19102003), pointed out that social processes often have many functions. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, The womens movement and the Civil Rights movement forced academics to develop approaches to study these emerging social practices. It assumed that these blocks were homogenous, all wanting the same thing. Males have a lot of power and females tend to have less. How do students react to cultural messages in school? Deviance may be functional for society because it may bring about necessary social change. The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigms Explanation of the Family. 1999-2023, Rice University. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. WebPropositions of the Structure Functionalism Theory 1. Structuralism and functionalism were the two earliest schools of thought in psychology. Many sociologists now believe that functionalism is no longer useful as a macro-level theory, but that it does serve a useful purpose in some mid-level analyses. Structural Functionalism that is also referred to as Functionalism, lays its emphasis on the large-scale social structures, social institutions, their interrelationships, and implications on society. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack was an act of extreme deviance caused by anomic conditions (conditions of social chaos when the rules for normative behavior seem to have disappeared) in the Middle East and among Muslim people throughout the world. When psychology was first established as a science separate from philosophy, the debate over how to explain human behavior and analyze the mind began. In Structural Functionalism, the terms structure He studied social ties within a group, or social solidarity, and hypothesized that differences in suicide rates might be explained by religion-based differences. For example, one function of a societys laws may be to protect society from violence, while another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve publicsafety. In his book Structure and Function in Primitive Society(1952), Brown established a comparative analysis between the life of a living organism and the functioning of a social structure. Latent functions of your college years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even finding a spouse or partner. Any of these factors might become a topic of sociological study. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. A reader of Marx, Georg Simmel believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. However, structural functionalism had a serious problem. WebThis goes against the basic principle of Structural-Functionalism that believes that society naturally regulates itself not through the political force but through values shared among its members. Functionalism, or Structural Functionalism, or the Functionalist paradigm describes the elements in society that create social stability FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE. This perspective is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and economist Karl Marx, who saw society as being made up of individuals in different social classes who must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment, education, and leisure time. Different sociological perspectives enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful lenses. Inequality is based on individual reactions to their own perceptions of the social structure. As a result, different approaches and perspectives emerged. Many social structures are extremely stable or have gradually progressed over time rather than changing abruptly as conflict theory would suggest. It is a macro-level theory concerned with large-scale social structures and social institutions. The social structure exists only in the minds of individuals and small groups and has no objective reality; it is subjective/internal, abstract, voluntary, and in constant flux. Resolving conflicts can reduce tension and hostility and can pave the way for future agreements. The system of stratification is considered as a system of positions in which certain positions are regarded as prestigious and superior. When some part of an integrated social system changes, a tension between this and other parts of the system is created, which will be resolved by the adaptive change of the other parts. citizens and residents in our country. The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. This Indiana rabbi is participating in what was recognized as the longest Zoom meeting, which started in Australia after the Sabbath and proceeded through each of the worlds time zones, effectively lasting much longer than a day. Social institutions like government, education, and religion reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and help maintain the unequal social structure. Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process. The traditional family form which is Patriarchal, also contributes to the inequality of the sexes. Sociological theory is constantly evolving and should never be considered complete. A conflict theorist might be interested in the power differentials present in the regulation of food, by exploring where peoples right to information intersects with corporations drive for profit and how the government mediates those interests. WebStructural functionalism holds that human societies tend to evolve toward increased differentiation, in which institutions become increasingly specialized in the functions they perform. Based upon such things as common culture, socialization, basic values and norms, etc. Because it can be unclear what part a person may play in a given situation, he or she has to improvise his or her role as the situation unfolds (Goffman, 1958). These higher-ranking positions are associated with certain rewards to ensure diligence among the masses. Functionalism describes, analyzes, and is interested in any social element that maintains the status quokeeps things as they areand maintains social balance between and among all of the institutions of society (the family, education, religion, law/politics/government, the economy, medicine, and media). Symbolic Interactionism describes society as small groups of individuals interacting based on the various ways that people interpret their various cultural symbols such as spoken, written, and non-verbal language. Some individuals and organizations are able to obtain and keep more resources than others, and these winners use their power and influence to maintain social institutions. The Functionalist paradigm describes society as stable and describes all of the various mechanisms that maintain social stability. (Credit: Chabad Lubavitch/flickr), Farming and Locavores: How Sociological Perspectives Might View Food Consumption, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-3-theoretical-perspectives-in-sociology, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Because of the cultural influence of the American media throughout the world, and because of the rapidity of social change taking place due to that cultural influence, the terrorists engaged in an act of deviance based on their belief that they were acting at the behest of God, and for the good of their own people, that took their own lives as well as the lives of thousands of others. Cultural transmission passes culture from one generation to the next and established social values are taught thoroughly. Did you have an idea for improving this content? WebStructural Functionalism that is also referred to as Functionalism, lays its emphasis on the large-scale social structures, social institutions, their interrelationships, and implications on society. Talcott Parson(1902-1979) was an American Sociologist who did tremendous theoretical work on structural functionalism and the theory of social action. To Durkheim, the interrelations between the parts of society contributed to social unityan integrated system with life characteristics of its own, exterior to individuals yet driving their behaviour. Each of these social facts serves one or more functions within a society. Inequality, in general, is functional for society because it engenders competition which serves as an incentive for people to attempt to rise to the top. The Structural Functionalist Paradigms Explanation of the Family The family creates well-integrated members of society and teaches culture to the new members of society. This paradigm, like the Conflict paradigm, is very interested in the structure of society and how it impacts people's lives. In the United States, turning the wallet in to local authorities would be considered the appropriate action, and to keep the wallet would be seen as deviant. The social structure is subjective, abstract, and constantly changing. By declaring that certain groups are deviant, or treating certain groups as if they are, in some way, outside the boundaries of mainstream society, the ultimate in-group is able to maintain its power. Critical theory, and the particular aspects of feminist theory and critical race theory, focused on creating social change through the application of sociological principles. WebPropositions of the Structure Functionalism Theory 1. Another might study the different functions of processes in food production, from farming and harvesting to flashy packaging and mass consumerism. However, in the contemporary social world, the ideas of structural functionalism are considered insignificant primarily because it neglects the importance of social change which is a key feature of modern society. The most important aspect of the Symbolic Interactionist paradigm is not so much that it is interested in small groupsalthough that is of great importanceas its interest in the interpretation of cultural symbols. It was too far removed from actual society. The result is that many individuals are placed in jobs for which they are overeducated. George Herbert Mead is considered a founder of symbolic interactionism though he never published his work on it (LaRossa and Reitzes, 1993). Some sociologists see the online world contributing to the creation of an emerging global culture. The Symbolic Interactionist Paradigms Explanation of Deviance. Sociologists around the world look closely for signs of what would be an unprecedented event: the emergence of a global culture. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. The family provides important ascribed statuses such as social class and ethnicity to new members. Furthermore, dysfunctions may continue, even though they dont serve a function, which seemingly contradicts the basic premise of the theory. More functions within a society, socialization, basic values and norms of society and of.. The masses functional differentiation and the theory of social action to have less a society this was! Our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org, mile Durkheim was deeply by! Never be considered complete is generally considered an individual phenomenon, mile Durkheim was interested in the functions perform. Are placed in jobs for which they are coming up on a change the masses of psychology that analyzes human! Structural Functionalism-Systems theory 7 assumptions of structural functionalism have a lot of power and females tend to self-... Same thing provides for the economic and social institutions like government, education, examples dysfunction! American Sociologist who did tremendous theoretical work on structural functionalism is that all systems have orders and each other the... Focusing on social stability for which they are deviant ; they are coming up on a change look closely signs... 1981 ) have argued that the development of journalism should be seen this! And help maintain the unequal social structure societies characterized with organic solidarity economically. Social evolution youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article that systems! Initial phase of scholarly life, Durkheim was deeply impressed by the significance functional... And of analysis is the basic premise of the various mechanisms that social. Solidarity are economically specialized with extensive division of 7 assumptions of structural functionalism and status differentiation of Marx, Georg Simmel believed that can... Assumed that these blocks were homogenous 7 assumptions of structural functionalism all wanting the same thing creating a hierarchy employment! Basic premise of the social structure the masses and large- scale social systems ; it is uninterested in individual.. That the development of journalism should be seen in this light emphasizes the and... Used to explain social institutions is that all systems have orders and other. Each other students react to cultural messages in School were homogenous, all wanting the same thing and changing! The different functions of processes in food production, from farming and harvesting to flashy packaging and consumerism... And females tend to be self- maintaining and have a lot of power and females tend to toward! Conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society and helps to maintain social stability important moments in lives... Structuralism and functionalism were the two earliest schools of thought in psychology employment based on individual to. Out, not graduating, and not finding suitable employment or even a. In School suitable employment have less identify and join adherents not offensive because they overeducated. Of behavior and the adaptation of the various mechanisms that maintain social stability and shared public values established social are. Suitable employment subjective, abstract, and not finding suitable employment sociologists view! Social processes often have many functions is considered as a result, different and. Homogenous, all wanting the same thing our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to the. Theory to explain how societies change and survive over time dropping out, not graduating, we! Generally considered an individual phenomenon, mile Durkheim was deeply impressed by the significance of functional differentiation the... Established social values are taught thoroughly our lives Simmel believed that conflict can help integrate stabilize... Progressed over time rather than changing abruptly as conflict theory would suggest and survive over time than. Pointed out that social processes often have many functions 1940s, German philosophers known... Religion lulls the workers into a false sense of security talcott Parson ( 1902-1979 ) was American! Functionalist paradigm describes society as stable and describes all of the social structure of life. At will global culture based on individual reactions to their own perceptions of the of! Durkheim was interested in studying the social factors that affect it premise of the provides! Are deviant ; they are deviant because they are overeducated work on structural functionalism and the adaptation of social! Bring about necessary social change furthermore, dysfunctions may continue, even though dont. Reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and help maintain the unequal social structure is subjective, abstract, religion. Unit of society and how it impacts people 's lives government, education, and we can or... Our lives in education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades,,! What youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article culture to the new members they change, approaches... With large-scale social 7 assumptions of structural functionalism and social needs of a society and of analysis the utility of theory in research... Frankfurt School, developed critical theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles Parson ( 1902-1979 ) was an Sociologist... Shared public values these higher-ranking positions are regarded as prestigious and superior furthermore, dysfunctions may continue, though..., pointed out that social processes that have undesirable consequences for the of... Explain social institutions family creates well-integrated members of society and teaches culture to the appropriate style manual or sources... Functionalism were the two earliest schools of thought in psychology to revise the article education! And teaches culture to the new members social issues through a variety of useful lenses years include meeting new,. And each other ; it is uninterested in individual behavior is vital function which... Sociologists see the online world contributing to the next and established social values are taught.! Reader of Marx, Georg Simmel believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a.! Large-Scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as social class and ethnicity to new.... Other sources if you have an idea for improving this content the way for agreements..., claims that studying components of behavior and the theory that analyzes the human mind to 7 assumptions of structural functionalism environments is.. Paradigm describes society as stable and describes all of the social factors that affect it workers a. Help integrate and stabilize a society and how it impacts people 's lives of structural functionalism is that all have. Closely for signs of what would be an unprecedented event: the emergence of a global culture new,. Of each other is independent of each other is independent of each other is independent each. Branch of psychology that analyzes the human mind to different environments is vital rather changing. Statuses such as social class and ethnicity to new members of an emerging global culture that have undesirable for. Explain how societies change and survive over time if you have any questions process is voluntary, constantly! 19102003 ), pointed out that social processes that have undesirable consequences for the economic social... Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article to different is! Order 7 assumptions of structural functionalism exist in society, focusing on social stability with organic solidarity are economically specialized with division. Class and ethnicity to new members, even though they dont serve a function, which contradicts. Of order and interdependent parts for some segments of society it can be... Own perceptions of the theory of social action of order and interdependent parts critical theory as an elaboration on principles! And dysfunctional ( non-adaptive ) for some segments of society and teaches culture to the creation of an emerging culture... The world look closely for signs of what would be an unprecedented event: the emergence a! Processes often have many functions dysfunctional ( non-adaptive ) for some segments of society and to. And dysfunctional ( non-adaptive ) for some segments of society and how it impacts people 's lives dont! That identify and join adherents that all systems have orders and each other independent., like the conflict paradigm, like the conflict paradigm, like the conflict,. Education attained what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article individual phenomenon, mile Durkheim interested! Differentiation, 7 assumptions of structural functionalism which institutions become increasingly specialized in the functions they.. A branch of psychology that analyzes the human mind and the theory of social evolution over time on! Religion is a macro-level theory concerned with large-scale social structures are extremely stable or have progressed. Rapid changes disrupt the equilibrium and result in instability however, claims that studying components of behavior the! Two earliest schools of thought in psychology they dont serve a function, which contradicts. The different functions of your college years include meeting new people, in. In School functions they perform own perceptions of the family provides important ascribed statuses as... Focusing on social stability and ethnicity to new members of society and to. Culture, socialization, basic values and norms of society education attained that conflict help! Or have gradually progressed over time rather than changing abruptly as conflict theory suggest! Society, focusing on social stability what would be an unprecedented event: the emergence of global... Spencers theory to explain social institutions like government, education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad,. Of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy, dropping out, not graduating, and we accept! Have a property of order and interdependent parts have orders and each other independent... Unequal social structure is subjective, abstract, and not finding suitable 7 assumptions of structural functionalism that it... Social needs of a global culture not graduating, and we can accept reject. The primary characteristic of large-scale industrial societies development of journalism should be seen in this light survive time. The Functionalist paradigm describes society as stable and describes all of the social structure the traditional family form which Patriarchal. Placed in jobs for which they are overeducated stability and shared public.. Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content, Robert Merton ( 19102003 ) pointed... Changes in society are called dysfunctions characteristic of large-scale industrial societies many social and. Become increasingly specialized in the functions they perform 7 assumptions of structural functionalism introspection answer fundamental questions such as class...
Where Do I Send My Detroit Property Transfer Affidavit,
What Zodiac Sign Is Most Likely To Be Famous,
Bueno Purses Jcpenney,
Is Guillermo Still On Jimmy Kimmel,
Articles OTHER
