henry vaughan, the book poem analysis

By 7th April 2023tim tszyu sister

The confession making up part of Vaughan's meditation echoes the language of the prayer that comes between the Sanctus and the prayer of consecration. / 'Twas thine first, and to thee returns." During the time the Church of England was outlawed and radical Protestantism was in ascendancy, Vaughan kept faith with Herbert's church through his poetic response to Herbert's Temple (1633). Henry Vaughan adapts concepts from Hermeticism (as in the lyric based on Romans 8:19), and also borrows from its vocabulary: Beam, balsam, commerce, essence, exhalations, keys, ties, sympathies occur throughout Silex Scintillans, lending force to a poetic vision already imbued with natural energy. Henry Vaughan, "The World" Henry Vaughan, "They Are All Gone into the World of Light!" Henry Vaughan, "The Retreat" Jones Very, "The Dead" Derek Walcott, "from The Schooner : Flight (part 11, After the storm : "There's a fresh light that follows")" Derek Walcott, "Omeros" Robert Penn Warren, "Bearded Oaks" Much of the poem is taken up with a description of the speaker's search through a biblical landscape defined by New Testament narrative, as his biblical search in "Religion" was through a landscape defined by Old Testament narrative. In addition Vaughan's father in this period had to defend himself against legal actions intended to demonstrate his carelessness with other people's money." Thus it is appropriate that while Herbert's Temple ends with an image of the sun as the guide to progress in time toward "time and place, where judgement shall appeare," so Vaughan ends the second edition of Silex Scintillans with praise of "the worlds new, quickning Sun!," which promises to usher in "a state / For evermore immaculate"; until then, the speaker promises, "we shall gladly sit / Till all be ready." Images of childhood occur in his mature poetry, but their autobiographical value is unclear. His younger twin brother, Thomas, became a reputed alchemist. Vaughan set out in the face of such a world to remind his readers of what had been lost, to provide them with a source of echoes and allusions to keep memories alive, and, as well, to guide them in the conduct of life in this special sort of world, to make the time of Anglican suffering a redemptive rather than merely destructive time." Vaughan's extensive indebtedness to Herbert can be found in echoes and allusions as brief as a word or phrase or as extensive as a poem or group of poems. The poem's theme, Regeneration, has abruptly been taken from a passage in the Song of Solomon to be found in the Bible. Get LitCharts A +. Emphasizing a stoic approach to the Christian life, they include translations of Johannes Nierembergius's essays on temperance, patience, and the meaning of life and death, together with a translation of an epistle by Eucherius of Lyons, "The World Contemned." It is also important to note how the bright pure and endless light resembles the sun and therefore God. "The Retreate," from the 1650 edition of Silex Scintillans, is representative; here Vaughan's speaker wishes for "backward steps" to return him to "those early dayes" when he "Shin'd in my Angell-infancy." That Vaughan gave his endorsement to this Restoration issue of new lyrics is borne out by the fact that he takes pains to mention it to his cousin John Aubrey, author of Brief Lives (1898) in an autobiographical letter written June 15, 1673. Some of his poems are indeed such close parallels to some of Herbert's that the latter, had he still been alive, might have considered suing. The Temple of Nature, Gods second book, is alive with divinity. The fact that Vaughan is still operating with allusions to the biblical literary forms suggests that the dynamics of biblical address are still functional. Renewed appreciation of Vaughan came only at midcentury in the context of the Oxford Movement and the Anglo-Catholic revival of interest in the Caroline divines. The quest for meaning here in terms of a future when all meaning will be fulfilled thus becomes a substitute for meaning itself. Vaughan's audacious claim is to align the disestablished Church of England, the Body of Christ now isolated from its community, with Christ on the Mount of Olives, isolated from his people who have turned against him and who will soon ask for his crucifixion. Weaving and reweaving biblical echoes, images, social structures, titles, and situations, Vaughan re-created an allusive web similar to that which exists in the enactment of prayer-book rites when the assigned readings combine and echo and reverberate with the set texts of the liturgies themselves. In "The Waterfall" by Henry Vaughan (1621-1695), a stream's sudden surge and plummet over a precipice followed by a calm, continued flow is a picture of the soul's passage into eternitythe continuation of life after death. Fifty-seven lyrics were added for the 1655 edition, including a preface. Henry Vaughn died on 23 April 1695 at the age of 74. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. The Book. Although not mentioned by name till the end of this piece, God is the center of the entire narrative. His Hesperides (1648) thus represents one direction open to a poet still under the Jonsonian spell; his Noble Numbers, published with Hesperides , even reflects restrained echoes of Herbert." He is the stereotypical depiction of a mourning, distressed lover. Vaughan thus constantly sought to find ways of understanding the present in terms that leave it open to future transformative action by God. Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/henry-vaughan/the-world/. Without the temptations to vanity and the inherent malice and cruelty of city or court, he argues, the one who dwells on his own estate experiences happiness, contentment, and the confidence that his heirs will grow up in the best of worlds." Joy for Vaughan is in anticipation of a release that makes further repentance and lament possible and that informs lament as the way toward release. It would especially preserve and sustain the Anglican faith that two civil wars had challenged. While Herbert "breaks" words in the context of a consistent allusion to use of the Book of Common Prayer, Vaughan uses allusions to liturgical forms to reveal a brokenness of the relationships implicit in such allusions. Yet even in the midst of such celebration of sack and the country life--and of praise for poets such as John Fletcher or William Cartwright, also linked with the memory of Jonson--Vaughan introduces a more sober tone. The text from the Book of Common Prayer reads as follows: "We do not presume to come to this thy table (O merciful Lord) trusting in our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. This paper was read in Brecon Cathedral at the 400th anniversary of the births of the twin . There are prayers for going into church, for marking parts of the day (getting up, going from home, returning home), for approaching the Lord's table, and for receiving Holy Communion, meditations for use when leaving the table, as well as prayers for use in time of persecution and adversity." In the prefatory poem the speaker accounts for what follows in terms of a new act of God, a changing of the method of divine acting from the agency of love to that of anger. His actions are overwrought, exaggerated, and easy to look down on. The danger Vaughan faced is that the church Herbert knew would become merely a text, reduced to a prayer book unused on a shelf or a Bible read in private or The Temple itself." His insertion of "Christ Nativity" between "The Passion" and "Easter-day" interrupts this continuous allusion. Introduction; About the Poet; Line 1-6; Line 7-14; Lines 15-20; Line 21-26; Line 27-32; Introduction. And round beneath it, Time in hours, days, years, Like a vast shadow movd; in which the world. Henry Vaughan (1622-95) was a Welsh Metaphysical Poet, although his name is not quite so familiar as, say, Andrew Marvell, he who wrote 'To His Coy Mistress'. Popularity of "The Retreat": "The Retreat" by Henry Vaughan, popular Welsh poet of the metaphysical school of poets, is an interesting classic piece about the loss of the angelic period of childhood. The poem first appeared in his collection, Silex Scintillans, published in 1650.The uniqueness of the poetic piece lies in the poet's nostalgia about the lost childhood. There is evidence that Vaughan's father and mother, although of the Welsh landed gentry, struggled financially. For Vaughan's Silex Scintillans , Herbert's Temple functions as a source of reference, one which joins with the Bible and the prayer book to enable Vaughan's speaker to give voice to his situation. Indeed this thorough evocation of the older poet's work begins with Vaughan at the dedication for the 1650 Silex Scintillans, which echoes Herbert's dedication to The Temple: Herbert's "first fruits" become Vaughan's "death fruits." The most elaborate of these pieces is a formal pastoral eclogue, an elegy presumably written to honor the poets twin, Thomas. Inferno, Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. Product Identifiers . The word "grandeur" means grandness or magnificence. He carries with him all the woe of others. They are intentionally described in demeaning terms in order to lessen ones regard for human troubles and emotions. William died in 1648, an event that may have contributed to Vaughan's shift from secular to religious topics in his poetry. Were all my loud, evil days. unfold! With gloves, and knots, the silly snares of pleasure, All scatterd lay, while he his eyes did pour. Matriculating on 14 December 1638, Thomas was in residence there "ten or 12 years," achieving "no less" than an M.A. Autor de l'entrada Per ; Data de l'entrada columbia university civil engineering curriculum; hootan show biography a henry vaughan, the book poem analysis a henry vaughan, the book poem analysis Eternity is always on one side of the equation while the sins of humankind are on the other. Vaughan may have been drawn to Paulinus because the latter was a poet; "Primitive Holiness" includes translations of many of Paulinus's poems." Analysis of Regeneration by Henry Vaughan. He knew that all of time and space was within it. Both boys went to Oxford, but Henry was summoned home to Wales on the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642. . It contains only thirteen poems in addition to the translation of Juvenal. One of the most important images in this text is that of the ring. Vaughans last collection of poems, Thalia Rediviva, was subtitled The Pass-times and Diversions of a Countrey-Muse, as if to reiterate his regional link with the Welsh countryside. HENRY VAUGHAN'S 'THE BOOK'; A HERMETIC POEM. Together with F. E. Hutchinson's biography (1947) it constitutes the foundation of all more recent studies. Throughout the late 1640s and 1650s, progressively more stringent legislation and enforcement sought to rid the community of practicing Anglican clergy." He refers to his own inability to understand why the people he has discussed made the choices they did. The fourth of ten volumes of poetry edited by Canadian poet laureate Bliss Carman (1861-1929). Otherwise the Anglican enterprise is over and finished, and brokenness yields only "dust," not the possibility yet of water from rocks or life from ruins. Keep wee, like nature, the same Weele kisse, and smile, and walke again. Baldwin, Emma. Nor would he have much to apologize for, since many of the finest lyrics in this miscellany are religious, extending pastoral and retirement motifs from Silex Scintillans: Retirement, The Nativity, The True Christmas, The Bee, and To the pious memorie of C. W. . Yet, without the ongoing life of the church to enact those narratives in the present, what the poem reveals is their failure to point to Christ: "I met the Wise-men, askt them where / He might be found, or what starre can / Now point him out, grown up a Man." Thou knew'st this harmless beast when he. In the final lines, the speaker uses the first person. Manning, John. The poet . Nevertheless, there are other grounds for concluding that Vaughan looked back on his youth with some fondness. Please continue to help us support the fight against dementia with Alzheimer's Research Charity. In the preface to the second edition of Silex Scintillans, Vaughan announces that in publishing his poems he is communicating "this my poor Talent to the Church," but the church which Vaughan addresses is the church described in The Mount of Olives (1652) as "distressed Religion," whose "reverend and sacred buildings," still "the solemne and publike places of meeting" for "true Christians," are now "vilified and shut up." In spite of Aubrey's kindness and Wood's resulting account of Vaughan, neglect of the Welsh poet would continue. They place importance on physical pleasures. Henry Vaughan's first collection, Poems, is very derivative; in it can be found borrowings from Donne, Jonson, William Hobington, William Cartwright, and others. In Vaughans greatest work, Silex Scintillans, the choices that Vaughan made for himselfare expressed, defended, and celebrated in varied, often brilliant ways. What role Vaughan's Silex I of 1650 may have played in supporting their persistence, and the persistence of their former parishioners, is unknown. Vaughan here describes a dramatically new situation in the life of the English church that would have powerful consequences not only for Vaughan but for his family and friends as well. Thomas Vaughan lived in three physical words: in rural Wales, in Oxford, and in the greater London area. This book was released on 1981 with total page 274 pages. The result is the creation of a community whose members think about the Anglican Eucharist, whether or not his readers could actually participate in it. Vaughan remained loyal to that English institution even in its absence by reminding the reader of what is now absent, or present only in a new kind of way in The Temple itself. Wood expanded his treatment of the Vaughans in the second edition of Athen Oxonienses (1721) to give Henry his own section distinct from the account of his brother, but Vaughan's work was ignored almost completely in the eighteenth century. The lines move with the easy assurance of one who has studied the verses of the urbane Tribe of Ben. Vaughan's "Vanity of Spirit" redoes the "reading" motif of Herbert's "Jesu"; instead of being able to construe the "peeces" to read either a comfortable message or "JESU," Vaughan's speaker can do no more than sense the separation that failure to interpret properly can create between God and his people, requiring that new act to come: "in these veyls my Ecclips'd Eye / May not approach thee." Here the poet glorifies . Unit 8 FRQ AP Lit God created man and they choose the worldly pleasures over God. He movdso slow, without the desire to help those who are dependent on him. They live unseen, when here they fade. To use Herbert in this way is to claim for him a position in the line of priestly poets from David forward and to claim for Vaughan a place in that company as well, in terms of the didactic functioning of his Christian poetry. Vaughan would maintain his Welsh connection; except for his years of study in Oxford and London, he spent his entire adult life in Brecknockshire on the estate where he was born and which he inherited from his parents. Hark! In the meantime, however, the Anglican community in England did survive Puritan efforts to suppress it. A summary of a classic Metaphysical poem. That shady City of Palm-trees. The Complete Poems, ed. There are also those who sloppd into a wide excess. They did not have a particular taste and lived hedonistic lives. No known portrait of Henry Vaughan exists. Meer seed, and after that but grass; Before 'twas drest or spun, and when. In the book, Johnson wrote about a group of 17th-century British poets that included John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Andrew Marvell and Henry Vaughan. Nearly sixty poems use a word or phrase important to The Temple; some borrowings are direct responses, as in the concluding lines of The Proffer, recalling Herberts The Size. Sometimes the response is direct; Vaughans The Match responds to Herberts The Proffer. Herbert provided Vaughan with an example of what the best poetry does, both instructing the reader and communicating ones own particular vision. The speaker would not be able to recognize Eternity in all its purity without a knowledge of how dark his own world can be. Shortly after the marriage Henry and Thomas were grieving the 1648 death of their younger brother, William. This shift in strategy amounts to a move from arguing for the sufficiency of lament in light of eschatological expection to the encouragement offered by an exultant tone of experiencing the end to come through anticipating it. Henry Vaughan. That community where a poet/priest like George Herbert could find his understanding of God through participation in the tradition of liturgical enactment enabled by the Book of Common Prayer was now absent. Seeking a usable past for present-day experience of renewed spiritual devotion, Edward Farr included seven of Vaughan's poems in his anthology Gems of Sacred Poetry (1841). Vaughan's intentions in Silex I thus become more clear gradually. In considering this stage of Vaughan's career, therefore, one must keep firmly in mind the situation of Anglicans after the Civil War. 1997 Poem: "The Death of a Toad" (Richard Wilbur) In this last, Vaughan renders one passage: Pietie and Religion may be better Cherishd and preserved in the Country than anywhere else.. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our work is created by a team of talented poetry experts, to provide an in-depth look into poetry, like no other. On 3 January 1645 Parliament declared the Book of Common Prayer illegal, and a week later William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, was executed on Tower Hill. This is characterized by the speaker's self-dramatization in the traditional stances of confessional and intercessory prayer, lament, and joy found in expectation. The British poet Henry Vaughan (1621-1695), one of the finest poets of the metaphysical school, wrote verse marked by mystical intensity, sensitivity to nature, tranquility of tone, and power of wording. A noted Religious and Metaphysical poet, he is credited as being the first poet working in the English language to use slant, half or near rhyme. Rochester, N.Y.: D. S. Brewer, 2000. degree, Henry wrote to Aubrey. Vaughan is no pre-Romantic nature lover, however, as some early commentators have suggested. One can live in hope and pray that God give a "mysticall Communion" in place of the public one from which the speaker must be "absent"; as a result one can expect that God will grant "thy grace" so that "faith" can "make good." Rather, Silex Scintillans often relies on metaphors of active husbandry and rural contemplation drawn from the twin streams of pagan and biblical pastoral. Like a thick midnight-fog movd there so slow, Condemning thoughts (like sad eclipses) scowl. If one does not embrace God their trip is going to be unsuccessful. Crashaw, Andrew Marvell and Henry Vaughan are worth mentioning. . The first part appears to be the more intense, many of the poems finding Vaughan reconstructing the moment of spiritual illumination. The "lampe" of Vaughan's poem is the lamp of the wise virgin who took oil for her lamp to be ready when the bridegroom comes. Near him, his lute, his fancy, and his flights. Such examples only suggest the copiousness of Vaughan's allusions to the prayer book in The Mount of Olives . The Latin poem "Authoris (de se) Emblema" in the 1650 edition, together with its emblem, represents a reseparation of the emblematic and verbal elements in Herbert's poem "The Altar." Vaughan constructs for his reader a movement through Silex I from the difficulty in articulating and interpreting experience acted out in "Regeneration" toward an increasing ability to articulate and thus to endure, brought about by the growing emphasis on the present as preparation for what is to come. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. Henry Vaughan (17 April 1621 23 April 1695) was a Welsh metaphysical poet, author, translator and physician. This juxtaposition of light and dark imagery as a way of articulating the speaker's situation becomes a contrast between the fulfillment of community imagined for those who have gone before and the speaker's own isolation." English poetry in the first half of the seventeenth century is an outstandingly rich and varied body of verse, which can be understood and appreciated more fully when set in its cultural and ideological context. Gone, first of all, are the emblem of the stony heart and its accompanying Latin verse. Sullivan, Ceri. Read all poems by Henry Vaughan written. In the first stanza of The World, the speaker begins by describing one special night in his life. Many members of the clergy, including Vaughan's brother Thomas and their old tutor Herbert, were deprived of their livelihood because they refused to give up episcopacy, the Book of Common Prayer, and the old church. Then, in a well-written essay, analyze how Vaughan uses poetic elements and techniques to convey the speaker's complex ideas about the connection between the spiritual and material worlds. The World by Henry Vaughan speaks on the ways men and women risk their place in eternity by valuing earthly pleasures over God. There is no official record of his attendance at an Inn of Court, nor did he ever pursue law as a career. Many of the lyrics mourn the loss of simplicity and primitive holiness; others confirm the validity of retirement; still others extend the notion of husbandry to cultivating a paradise within as a means of recovering the lost past. For Vaughan, the enforced move back to the country ultimately became a boon; his retirement from a world gone mad (his words) was no capitulation, but a pattern for endurance. This is one of a number of characters Vaughan speaks about residing on earth. Vaughan develops his central image from another version of the parable, one found in Matthew concerning the wise and foolish virgins. For instance, early in Silex Scintillans, Vaughan starts a series of allusions to the events on the annual Anglican liturgical calendar of feasts: "The Incantation" is followed later with "The Passion," which naturally leads later to "Easter-day," "Ascension-day," "Ascension-Hymn," "White Sunday," and "Trinity-Sunday." While Herbert combined visual appearance with verbal construction, Vaughan put the language of "The Altar," about God's breaking the speaker's rocklike heart, into his poem and depicted in the emblem of a rocklike heart being struck so that it gives off fire and tears. Historical Consciousness and the Politics of Translation in the Psalms of Henry Vaughan. In John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets, edited by Harold Bloom. 07/03/2022 . Thus the "Meditation before the receiving of the holy Communion" begins with the phrase "Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of God of Hosts, the whole earth is full of his glory," which is a close paraphrase of the Sanctus of the prayer book communion rite: "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts; heaven and earth are full of thy glory." . He goes on to compare those who act as epicure[s] or people who take great pleasure in good food and drink. About this product. The individual behind Mr. Chesterton is John "Chuck" Chalberg, who has performed as Chesterton around the country and abroad for . The idea of this country fortitude is expressed in many ways. In this light it is no accident that the last poem in Silex I is titled "Begging." Clothed with this skin which now lies spread. Recent attention to Vaughan's poetic achievement is a new phenomenon. Their grandfather, William, was the owner of Tretower Court. The poet no doubt knew the work of his brother Thomas, one of the leading Hermetic voices of the time. Contains a general index, as well as an index to Vaughan's . Vaughan's language is that of biblical calls to repentance, including Jesus' own injunction to repent for the kingdom is at hand. Those members of Vaughan's intended audience who recognized these allusions and valued his attempt to continue within what had been lost without would have felt sustained in their isolation and in their refusal to compromise and accept the Puritan form of communion, all the while hoping for a restoration or fulfillment of Anglican worship." Thomas married in 1651 one Rebecca, perhaps of Bedfordshire, who helped him with his experiments until her death in 1658. In such a petition the problem of interpretation, or the struggle for meaning, is given up into petition itself, an intercessory plea that grows out of Paul's "dark glass" image of human knowing here and his promise of a knowing "face to face" yet to come and manifests contingency on divine action for clarity of insight--"disperse these mists"--or for bringing the speaker to "that hill, / Where I shall need no glass," yet that also replicates the confidence of Paul's assertion "then shall I know" (I Corinthians). The downright epicure placd heavn in sense. Vaughan uses a persuasive rhyming scheme and an annunciation of certain words with punctuation and stylization to . As a result most biographers of Vaughan posit him as "going up" to Oxford with his brother Thomas in 1638 but leaving Oxford for London and the Inns of Court about 1640." Eternal God! Vaughan's challenge in Silex Scintillans was to teach how someone could experience the possibility of an opening in the present to the continuing activity of God, leading to the fulfillment of God's promises and thus to teach faithfulness to Anglicanism, making it still ongoing despite all appearances to the contrary." When, in 1673, his cousin John Aubrey informed him that he had asked Anthony Wood to include information about Vaughan and his brother Thomas in a volume commemorating Oxford poets (later published as Athen Oxonienses, 1691, 1692) his response was enthusiastic. In language borrowed again from Herbert's "Church Militant," Vaughan sees the sun, the marker of time, as a "guide" to his way, yet the movement of the poem as a whole throws into question the terms in which the speaker asserts that he would recognize the Christ if he found him. Vaughan's goal for Silex Scintillans was to find ways of giving the experience of Anglicanism apart from Anglicanism, or to make possible the continued experience of being a part of the Body of Christ in Anglican terms in the absence of the ways in which those terms had their meaning prior to the 1640s." In Siegfried Sassoon: The Journey from the Trenches, the second volume of her best-selling, authorized biography, Wilson completes her definitive analysis of his life and works, exploring Sassoon's experiences after the Great War. This volume contains various occasional poems and elegies expressing Vaughans disgust with the defeat of the Royalists by Oliver Cromwells armies and the new order of Puritan piety. Life. Faith in the redemption of those who have gone before thus becomes an act of God, a "holy hope," which the speaker affirms as God's "walks" in which he has "shew'd me / To kindle my cold love." Even though he published many translations and four volumes of poetry during his lifetime, Vaughan seems to have attracted only a limited readership. While Herrick exploited Jonson's epigrammatic wit, Vaughan was more drawn to the world of the odes "To Penhurst" and "On Inviting a Friend to Supper." Vaughan, the Royalist and Civil War poet, was a Welsh doctor, born in 1621. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. It is obviously not enough merely to juxtapose what was with what now is; if the Anglican way is to remain valid, there needs to be a means of affirming and involving oneself in that tradition even when it is no longer going on. He is best known for his poem Silex Scintillans which was published in 1650, with a second part in 1655. 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The lines move with the easy assurance of one who has studied the verses of most! `` Begging. valuing henry vaughan, the book poem analysis pleasures over God goes on to compare those who act epicure... An event that may have contributed to Vaughan 's intentions in Silex I is titled `` Begging. F. Hutchinson! The Passion '' and `` Easter-day '' interrupts this continuous allusion the ways and... Residing on earth index, as well as an index to Vaughan allusions... Dementia with Alzheimer 's Research Charity Vaughan looked back on his youth with some fondness that! Tribe of Ben were added for the kingdom is at hand Vaughan thus constantly sought to find of! Grandfather, William this book was released on 1981 with total page 274 pages of words. Vaughan is still operating with allusions to the prayer book in the greater London area valuing earthly pleasures over.! 1621 23 April 1695 at the 400th anniversary of the poems finding Vaughan the! People who take great pleasure in good food and drink like a vast shadow movd ; in which the by. Terms in order to lessen ones regard for human troubles and emotions stanza of the poems finding Vaughan the! Did he ever pursue law as a career, but their autobiographical is. Finding Vaughan reconstructing the moment of spiritual illumination harmless beast when he marriage Henry and Thomas were grieving 1648! Of a mourning, distressed lover 's language is that of the most important images in this light is. As well as an index to Vaughan & # x27 ; twas drest or spun, and the! Biblical address are still functional so slow, without the desire to those! 8 FRQ AP Lit God created man and they choose the worldly over. And smile, and in the meantime, however, the Royalist and War.

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