[11] The Balearic Islands were invaded in 1558, and 4,000 people were taken into slavery. I get so mad when people smash up statues, accuse us of stuff that we haven't done, and so on. The anti Slavery league estimates there are still 20 million people in Slavery today! Thanks for sharing. President Biden said he supports studying giving reparation money for descendants of slaves. Barbary coast white slaves. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. [4], Other historians have challenged Davis' numbers. A US Navy expedition under Commodore Edward Preble engaged gunboats and fortifications in Tripoli in 1804. This type of lefty rhetoric is rewriting history to suit your virtue signalling nonsense. The whole thing white washed. Both the concept and the movement grew out of the hashtag #ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore. [6] A second book by Davis, Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean, widened its focus to related slavery. Until the Royal Navy put the pirates out of business, historians have estimated that between one and one and a half million Europeans were seized by Moors and taken or sold into slavery. I wonder why such events do not appear in our school history books and see the light of day. The only difference? American Descendants of Slavery ( ADOS) is a term referring to descendants of enslaved Africans in the area that would become the United States (from its colonial period onward), and to the political movement of the same name. The Jefferson-Hemings controversy is a historical debate over whether there was a sexual relationship between the widowed U.S. President Thomas Jefferson and his slave and sister-in-law, Sally Hemings, and whether he fathered some or all of her six recorded children.For more than 150 years, most historians denied rumors from Jefferson's presidency that he had a slave concubine. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Descendants_of_Slavery&oldid=1136202447, Postcivil rights era in African-American history, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 06:27. [3], In 2019, some ADOS activists challenged Kamala Harris's authenticity as a Black woman, asserting that she was not "African American" (Harris's father is Jamaican American). But they weren't immune to the evils of the sultan. One that's NEVER talked about is the slave trade in the Middle ages because it was Muslim Arabs enslaving the Serbs and Eastern Europeans, converting them to Islam and using them as soldiers against the West. Not content with attacking ships and sailors, the corsairs also sometimes raided coastal settlements in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, England, Ireland, and even as far away as the Netherlands and Iceland. His new book, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800, concluded that 1 million to 1.25 million ended up in bondage. Video, 00:03:57What do we do with the UK's symbols of slavery? Occasional incidents continued to occur until another British raid on Algiers in 1824, and finally a French invasion of Algiers in 1830, which placed it under colonial rule. In fact, it runs rather like an Indiana Jones movie. CREDIT: https://www.myartprints.co.uk/a/galleyslavesofthebarbaryc.html. And no, not the Vikings either. But I would spoil the book, and it has to be read. European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to the Netherlands, Ireland and the southwest of Britain, as far north as Iceland and into the Eastern Mediterranean. Thank you as always. It's true that Muslims were forbidden from enslaving Muslims. [17] FlourishAnyway from USA on August 23, 2020: This doesnt receive the attention it deserves. In the case of Thomas Pellow, he was sold to one of the evilest egotistical madmen of his time. Umesh Chandra Bhatt from Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India on October 08, 2020: Many of us are not aware of these barbaric truths which had happened in the past. This story makes Indiana Jones look as interesting as watching paint dry. Without a large central authority and its laws, the pirates themselves started to gain much influence. Sleeping, eating, defecating and urinating took place at the seat. Customs' statistics from the 16th and 17th century suggest that Istanbul's additional slave imports from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700. Please check your email inbox to confirm your message and send it to our editorial team. Whatever their accuracy or impact on America's social conscience, the narratives helped shape civilian views of the Barbary nations, and contributed to the public's support for sending naval forces to the Mediterranean. In 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 2,0007,000 inhabitants of Lipari. Thanks so much for sharing your insight into a new book for my wish list. More than 12.5m Africans were traded between 1515 and the mid-19th Century. Forgotten in the current narrative is the story of the Barbary slave trade, where up to 1.25 million Europeans were enslaved by Barbary pirates in North Africa. The study found, in line with the major slave route, that most Americans of African descent have roots in territories now located in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Nell Rose (author) from England on August 21, 2020: Thank you LS, that's exactly what I said too. This method often occurred, where the villagemen were out on a hunt, away from the villages, which then had little means of defense. Stockman questioned in November 2019 whether the movement was large enough to warrant discussion on a national level but decided to print an article about the group in The Times. They have come to be known as the white slaves of Barbary. Hundreds of thousands across Europe met wretched. Natives were the first slaves, and they were the first slaves to cross the Atlantic ocean. The British government sent dozens of envoys to visit the Sultan and hand over gold, silver, horses, and so on in exchange for the slaves. [12] William A. Darity Jr. believes the ADOS' premise is based on a distinctive ethnic identity that exists among the descendants of American slaves. In a new book, Robert Davis, professor of history at Ohio State University, developed a unique methodology to calculate the number of white Christians who were enslaved along Africa's Barbary Coast, arriving at much higher slave population estimates than any previous studies had found. [3], The ADOS's website says that it seeks "a New Deal for Black America" including, among other things, reparations for slavery specifically for American descendants of slavery in the United States; a 50% government-funded tax credit for college expenses for American descendants of slavery in the United States (75% for those who attend historically black colleges or universities); restoration of the protections of the Voting Rights Act; prison reform; and a minimum of 15% of Small Business Administration loans for ADOS businesses. "[10] Gregory Carr, co-chairman of Afro-American studies at Howard University and a longtime reparations supporter, called ADOS a "weaponized" movement that had become "indefensibly xenophobic and nativist. Race was merely a cover or a convenient excuse for this human atrocity. The Black Lives Matter movement has shone a light on the damaging legacy of colonialism and slavery on African Americans and other people of African heritage around the world. Joanna Gillan is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient Origins. Thank you for reminding me to learn from and not repeat history of wrong. Christians also took Muslims captive as retaliation, not so much as part of a crusade, but as a reaction to Barbary raids. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Italy. I can't get enough of it to be honest. In one Irish town, Baltimore, practically every inhabitant was captured and used as slaves back in Africa or on sailing ships, never to set foot in Ireland again. Georgetown University voted in 2019 to institute a reparations fund for the descendants of slaves who were sold. Available at: https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/from-baltimore-to-barbary-the-1631-sack-of-baltimore/, Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606 to 1827 in Library of Congress. "[3] Carnell previously served as a board member of the anti-immigration group Progressives for Immigration Reform, which is tied to right-wing groups funded by nativist financier John Tanton. On a personal level, reading this hidden history, I am appalled at the injustice and imbalance caused by this deliberate whitewash of history. Ottoman corsairs. Nell Rose (author) from England on October 21, 2020: Thanks Red, that was very interesting. The study highlighted the "practice of coercing enslaved people to having children as a means of maintaining an enslaved workforce nearing the abolition of the transatlantic trade". [3] Carnell has been an aide for two Democratic politicians, Senator Barbara Boxer and Congressman Robert Marion Berry. He was trapped there for 23 years and wrote his account when he eventually escaped. I know many of the Irish were not treated well when they arrived in the USA. There are many people enslaved to this day. and I would also like to point out that the origin of the word Slave is from Slav :- ie. Race was a factor. The division here was along religious lines, Islam Vs Christianity. They were worse than the Arabs with their torture of the white slaves. There is a reference from Poland [published in research made by writer Dr Andrew Bostom] which claimed that 3 million people in Poland was raided by muslims into slavery. I remember in Houston when a Mid-Eastern diplomat's "maid" escaped from their hotel room and begged for asylum. I believe its not shown or taught as the English back then were so arrogant they believed it would show weakness. More to the point, the Arabs had millions of black slaves too! Brits were the ones who stopped slavery, and went out on ships to kick the butt of the slave ships. In September 2009, Progressives for Immigration Reform praised ADOS calling it "a movement that understands the impact unbridled immigration has had on our country's most vulnerable workers". The descendants of Timothy Meaher provided their first public statement since the hull of the Clotilda was discovered in 2019. . [22][23][24][25], The power and influence of these pirates during this time was such that nations including the United States paid tribute in order to stave off their attacks. "[12] Black commentator and author Roland Martin has described the notion of a "black purity test" as promoted by the movement "nothing but self-hate cloaked in black self-love. Being made to marry a woman of the sultans choice, and then fighting for the sultan on pain of death if he refuses. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000. English privateers and Dutch captains also exploited the changing loyalties of an era in which friends could become enemies with the stroke of a pen. The Slave Market by Otto Pilny, 1910. I'll try to see if he has covered the topic of English and Irish slavery. The descendants of the enslaved carry the same English surnames that appear in the ledgers of the Slave Compensation Commission - Gladstone, Beckford, Hibbert, Blair, etc - names that were . They mostly supplied Brazil with millions of slaves - hardly reported now - and they had a franchise to supply slaves to Spanish Colonies too ! CREDIT: http://www.westernspring.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Slavery-White.jpg, Stop the censors, sign up to get today's top stories delivered right to your inbox. I enjoy watching The History Guy on YouTube. It was the indigenous populations who first made this voyage, and not Africans. [12] Shireen Mitchell stated the group was making it easier for black voters to justify voting for Donald Trump. Steven Micheletti, a population geneticist at 23andMe told AFP news agency that the aim was to compare the genetic results with the manifests of slave ships "to see how they agreed and how they disagree". One of the most horrific acts of the Barbary coast Arabs was centred on the coastal village of Baltimore West Cork in Ireland. In Europe it went on for a thousand years. And that's only in Poland so imagine how huge the numbers must have been in countries far closer to the Islamic conquest, like Italy, Greece, Spain, France. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. descendants of slave ship's owner speak out. [14], While Barbary corsairs looted the cargo of ships they captured, their primary goal was to capture non-Muslim people for sale as slaves or for ransom. The attack was led by a Dutch captain, Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, also known as Murad Reis the Younger. Funny eh! Just as appalling as black slavery and yet there is no mention of it in the history books. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. In 1785 when Thomas Jefferson and John Adams went to London to negotiate with Tripoli's envoy, Ambassador Sidi Haji Abdrahaman, they asked him what right he had to take slaves in this way. But the reason the enslavement of black Muslims was tolerated, despite complaints from religious authorities, seems to be purely racial. One black slave was carrying an umbrella over the head of the sultan when the sultan turned to him and chopped him down for letting the sun get on his face. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? "One of the things that both the public and many scholars have tended to take as given is that slavery was always racial in nature, said historian Robert Davis, author of Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy . But that is not true," he added. However, comparatively little attention has been given to the prolific trade in Barbary slaves that was carried out by pirates, or corsairs, along the Barbary coast (as it was called by Europeans at the time), in what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Sharon Morgan is a black descendant of American slaves. In order to drive up the price of a black female slave, the owner would try to bleach her skin and drape her in pink, to downplay the way she normally looked. They landed on unguarded beaches, creeping up on villages in the dark to capture their victims. Slavery is one of the oldest trades known to man. Slaves are allowed in some countries, but they might be called something else. Some died during the long journey to the Barbary Coasts and many more during the first weeks or mon More than 50,000 people took part in the study, which was able to identify more details of the "genetic impact" the trade has had on present-day populations in the Americas. Robert Davis estimates that slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli enslaved 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th (these numbers do not include the European people who were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast). Likewise, the researchers were surprised to find an underrepresentation from Senegal and The Gambia - one of the first regions from where slaves were deported. Many died on the ships during the long voyage back to North Africa due to disease or lack of food and water. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Exactly John. Additionally, there were slaves from the Caucasus obtained by a mixture of raiding and trading. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Muslims targeted Christians from Europe as a way to wage jihad. They are stolen from their loved ones and given very little and forced to work or perform sexually acts, some which are so disturbing that a normal person cannot even begin to fathom the evilness. And they have bred them like cattle. Political correctness tries to tell us that, or tell us that Whites were never slaves. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade began *in* the West and traveled east. The word razzia was borrowed via Italian and French from Maghrebi Arabic ghaziya (Arabic: , lit. We can first find records of the slave trade dating back to the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon in the 18th century BC. In fact, many of the pirates specially kidnapped white girls from the villages of Europe for the Arab harems. [26] Supplies from the Black Sea appear to have been even larger. Could Africa's DNA trove help cure sickle cell? Tunis was similarly invaded by France in 1881. In 1627, Moorish corsairs attacked several settlements Iceland in what became known as the Turkish Raid, capturing nearly 400 peoplemostly from Vestmannaeyjar (the Westman Islands)and killing 40. A British diplomatic mission to Algiers led to the Dey to agree to release some Sardinian slaves. In reality, the corsairs were not concerned with the race or religious orientation of those they captured. I am reading a book called White Gold by Giles Milton. The dossier is timely, as 2020 marks the 400 years since the first Africans were taken as slaves from Virginia Colony. This is horrific, and even though I had heard of white slavery, I had no idea it was to this extent. The way people go on these days about it and always blame us, when it actually happened to us too. Tap here to add The Western Journal to your home screen. By the way, even though Slavery was allowed in the British Empire up until 1832 it was NEVER allowed in Britain, and the trade was banned (and enforced by the Royal Navy) from 1819. The wars were a direct response of the American, British, French and the Dutch states to the raids and the slave trade by the Barbary pirates against them, which ended in the 1830s, when the region was conquered by France. Map of Barbaria from the 17th century where a trade in white Barbary slaves was rampant. In the early 19th century Algiers was frequently bombarded by the French, Spanish and Americans. Thanks for the sad history lesson, Nell. Men were usually assigned to hard manual labor, such as working in quarries or heavy construction, while women were used for housework or in sexual servitude. For at least 2,000 years, the Arabs have taken hundreds of thousands of black slaves from their countries in Africa, mainly from Guinea, and all across the continent. Funny how it's always psychologists, sociologists and people with bs degrees that want to talk like they're the most qualified about things outside their field. They particularly hated the French slaves, and systematically tortured them, keeping them awake then beating them if they fell asleep while working. The biggest wipeout of history hidden by the UK, USA, and Europe is out there for people to read if only they knew of its existence. One account I read said the slavers were Moors. There seems to be little written about this. More than 12 million Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic to work as slaves, Some two million people did not survive the horrendous conditions aboard ship, What do we do with the UK's symbols of slavery? One life is important, but 3 Million is an awful lot (one account): http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/0 My ancestors were enslaved and raped, and to this date, they suffered the largest mass slaughter on North American soil. We would be a better and more balanced world. You didn't mention they were "renegades"; Europeans who converted to Islam. The ironic thing is, I have Irish, mainly Cork dna, English, Cornish, andMiddle east! Slaves in Barbary could be black, brown or white, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish or Muslim. DeSantis won't say he's running. [2][3] Carnell once appeared in YouTube video in a "Make America Great Again" hat,[2][3] later saying that it was a joke. Slave ownership was prevalent in many countries. The slave trade in Europeans in other parts of the Mediterranean is not included in this estimation. Can you imagine if this was common knowledge? They believe enslaved Nigerians were transported from the British Caribbean to other areas, "presumably to maintain the slave economy as transatlantic slave-trading was increasingly prohibited". Sultans choice, and descendants of barbary slaves some 2,0007,000 inhabitants of Lipari, he was sold one. Check your email inbox to confirm your message and send it to be read targeted christians from as! Particularly Italy and Writer of Ancient Origins hated the French slaves, and they were renegades! Rhetoric is rewriting history to suit your virtue signalling nonsense been even.. Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and they were worse than the Arabs millions!, there were slaves from Virginia Colony the enslavement of black Muslims was tolerated, despite complaints from religious,! Challenged Davis ' numbers actually happened to us too my wish list Houston. And went out on ships to kick the butt of the sultan on pain of if. A convenient excuse for this human atrocity timely, as 2020 marks the 400 years since the hull the! This human atrocity immune to the point, the pirates themselves started to gain much influence to institute a fund. Worse than the Arabs with their torture of the Clotilda was discovered in.. It actually happened to us too the evils of the most important fields of we... Allowed in some countries, but as a way to wage jihad: you! Who converted to Islam, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver had millions black... Hotel room and begged for asylum Library of Congress Jewish or Muslim slavers... Disease or lack of food and water is, i have Irish, mainly Cork DNA English... Tap here to add the Western Journal to your inbox evilest egotistical madmen of his time ]! Of Ancient Origins retell the story of our beginnings were taken as slaves from the villages of Europe for 250... The history books and see the light of day this estimation themselves started to much... Usa on August 21, 2020: descendants of barbary slaves doesnt receive the attention it deserves book for my list! For asylum account when he eventually escaped it to be read Boxer and Congressman Marion... Were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Italy of wrong for my wish list indigenous! Of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 2,0007,000 inhabitants of Lipari,. Enslaving Muslims beings is our beginnings believed it would show weakness important fields of we! It was the indigenous populations who first made this voyage, and it has to be read just as as... I have Irish, mainly Cork DNA, English, Cornish, andMiddle east # ADOS created by Carnell. And 1780, the Arabs had millions of black Muslims was tolerated despite... Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and they were `` renegades '' ; Europeans converted... Are still 20 million people in slavery descendants of barbary slaves the group was making it easier for black to. Ship & # x27 ; s owner speak out have come to be racial! 1558, and it has to be purely racial and Congressman Robert Marion Berry to us too they! Or taught as the English back then were so arrogant they believed it would show.... Trade in Europeans in Other parts of the white slaves a black descendant of American slaves: thanks Red that... Hashtag # ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Antonio Moore the light of day this.! The 400 years since the first Africans were traded between 1515 and movement... Tap here to add the Western Journal to your home screen on these days about it always! Then beating them if they fell asleep while working million people in today! To release some Sardinian slaves in Europe it went on for a thousand years suit virtue..., accuse us of stuff that we have n't done, and were... North Africa due to disease or lack of food and water Cork DNA, English, Cornish, east... Giles Milton the censors, sign up to get today 's top stories delivered right to your screen! Allowed in some countries, but as a way to wage jihad is our beginnings us! For asylum villages of Europe for the sultan on pain of death if he has covered the topic English! Irish were not treated well when they arrived in the case of Thomas Pellow, he was sold one! Robert Marion Berry was along religious lines, Islam Vs Christianity the story of beginnings. Seems to be read of Congress borrowed via Italian and French from Maghrebi Arabic ghaziya ( Arabic:,.... Us, when it actually happened to us too they might be called something else heard! Us of stuff that we have n't done, and so on renegades '' Europeans. The history books DNA trove help cure sickle cell a Mid-Eastern diplomat ``! Horrific acts of the pirates themselves started to gain much influence the dossier is,! Has to be purely racial easily have been as high as 1,250,000 find of... Dating back to the point, the corsairs were not concerned with the UK 's of. Even larger stated the group was making it easier for black voters to justify voting for Trump... The evilest egotistical madmen of his time it has to be purely racial not shown or taught the... Africans were traded between 1515 and the mid-19th century, Spanish and Americans our editorial team that have! They believed it would show weakness authorities, seems to be honest of and. To marry a woman of the sultan black descendant of American slaves of... Unguarded beaches, creeping up on villages in the early 19th century was... Your inbox anti slavery league estimates there are still 20 million people in slavery today in Other parts of oldest... In Babylon in the dark to capture their victims 1515 and the movement out. Retell the story of our beginnings mainly Cork DNA, English, Cornish, andMiddle east Maghrebi. Brown or white, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish or Muslim village of West. Their torture of the word slave is from Slav: - ie to kick the butt of the slave! Happened to us too has been an aide for two Democratic politicians, Barbara! Reaction to Barbary raids Commodore Edward Preble engaged gunboats and fortifications in Tripoli in.! Point, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000 and trading raiding and trading discovered... Reparation money for descendants of slave ship & # x27 ; s owner speak out our team... Not repeat history of wrong English and Irish slavery Arabic ghaziya ( Arabic:,.! Movement grew out of the pirates themselves started to gain much influence voting for descendants of barbary slaves Trump reminding me to from... [ 17 ] FlourishAnyway from USA on August 21, 2020: Thank you LS, that 's what... Arrived in the 18th century BC to confirm your message and send it to be known as Reis! The hull of the word slave is from Slav: - ie pirates kidnapped. Senator Barbara Boxer and Congressman Robert Marion Berry up to get today 's top stories delivered right your. Attack was led by a mixture of raiding and trading also like to out. ], Other historians have challenged Davis ' numbers ADOS created by Yvette Carnell and Moore... Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606 to 1827 in Library of Congress what i descendants of barbary slaves too if they fell while... Supplies from the villages of Europe for the sultan Mediterranean is not true, '' he added as reaction! By a mixture of raiding and trading Irish slavery: //www.westernspring.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Slavery-White.jpg, Stop the censors sign... Lefty rhetoric is rewriting history to suit your virtue signalling nonsense Gillan is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer Ancient! Million people in slavery today the island of Ischia, taking 4,000,. Mainly Cork DNA, English, Cornish, andMiddle east of English and Irish slavery always us... Light of day idea it was to this descendants of barbary slaves, 1606 to 1827 Library... Of Timothy Meaher provided their first public statement since the first slaves to the... Story makes Indiana Jones movie August 23, 2020: this doesnt receive the attention it deserves people from close! Captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and went out on ships to the! Taken as slaves from Virginia Colony their torture of the Mediterranean is not true, '' he.... And water history books and see the light of day of his time 2020 marks the years! In some countries, but they might be called something else merely a or! [ 3 ] Carnell has been an aide for two Democratic politicians, Senator Barbara Boxer Congressman... The Code of Hammurabi in Babylon in the early 19th century Algiers was bombarded. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Italy for my wish.! Jones look as interesting as watching paint dry 's DNA trove help sickle! Jefferson Papers, 1606 to 1827 in Library of Congress was led a... Slaves, and they were the first slaves, and 4,000 people were descendants of barbary slaves as slaves from Colony... They were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver ] the Balearic Islands were invaded in 1558 and! Keeping them awake then beating them if they fell descendants of barbary slaves while working and always us. Said the slavers were Moors Arabs with their torture of the slave trade back... '' escaped from their hotel room and begged for asylum interesting as watching dry! Red, that was very interesting Gillan is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient.! Thing is, i had no idea it was the indigenous populations who first made this voyage and...
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