Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. It Didnt End Well. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. But what was important about this actionthe first naval battle in history fought by fleets that never came within sight of each otherwas that the U.S. Navy had thwarted the enemys planned capture of Port Moresby in strategic New Guinea. He was modest and candid about himself. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. The Turning Point in the Pacific. He never smoked and drank little. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. His classmates included Arthur L. Bristol, William L. Calhoun, William A. Glassford, Charles C. Hartigan, Aubrey W. Fitch, Frank J. Fletcher, Robert L. Ghormley, Isaac C. Kidd, John S. McCain Sr., Leigh Noyes, Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, John H. Towers, Russell Willson, and Thomas Withers. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. My mind is blank. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. C. American Dream A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. Navy.[4]. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. >On March 29, 1944, Admiral Spruance took tactical command of a three-pronged assault against the Palau Islands, 550 miles east of the Philippines, and against Yap Island and Ulithi Atoll in the western Carolines. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." society in the 1950s? When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. 7 reviews. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. B. Jim Crow Laws He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. He loved to show them to visitors. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. . Analyzing Information How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by Hickman, Kennedy. ThoughtCo. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. ThoughtCo, Jul. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. About us| A. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. Spruance graduated from the U.S. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. He was a diligent, neat and gentle boy. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. But his service was not yet finished. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. His work would bring him a gold star in lieu of a second Distinguished Service Medal. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. That same year he received a new assignment: assistant machinery inspector at the Newport News, Va., dry dock, where the battleship Pennsylvania was being outfitted. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. Weeks later . Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. Naval Academy at Annapolis. . Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. How did Paul's education northwestward of Midway. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. The Japanese lost 322 airplanes, most of them going down with the carriers. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. Early in his career he was "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. Akagi and Kaga subsequently went down. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. Michio Kobayashi Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. My mind is blank. 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