a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. 2007. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. legend Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. This would result in a patchwork of small plots of land controlled by different groups. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. State societies are likely to have less male mortality because fighting forces tend to be specialized; therefore male mortality is less likely to be an important factor. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. brideservice More husband-wife aloofness (Whiting and Whiting 1975; de Munck and Korotayev 2007). Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. exogamy is exogamic exogamousadj. exogamyn.[] exomis exosmosisn - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Explaining Human Culture. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). A high male mortality in warfare may be the main cause of a sex-ratio favoring females. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . 2004. This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. Why? 1988. Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. dowry 1960. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. 2007. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. Preference for fathers brothers daughter marriage (patrilateral parallel cousin marriage) preference is more likely in patrilocal societies (Flinn and Low 1987). anthropology dictionary In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. brideprice Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. What predicts variation in family household form? Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). 1981. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. While they are rarely the typical form of marriage in a society, societies practicing polyandry to some degree are more likely to have an opposite sex ratio favoring males rather than females (Starkweather and Hames 2012 see polyandry section below). 2000. Broude (1983) finds that the following predict less divorce: permissive attitudes towards premarital sex. In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Why? In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Its mission is to encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the past and present. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). Marxist anthropology After speaking to the girl, the boy goes to her parents, not needing permission from his own parents. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. Greater sexual regulation of women (Frayser 1985). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. 2012. The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. [5], In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality. But why polygyny? There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. 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