[267][268] On average, men have about 4050% more upper body strength and 2030% more lower body strength than women at the same weight, due to higher amounts of muscle and larger muscle fibers. [385][386][387] While the exact time when humans first became religious remains unknown, research shows credible evidence of religious behaviour from around the Middle Paleolithic era (45200 thousand years ago). The evolution and the history of the first religions have recently become areas of active scientific investigation. Old English beon, beom, bion "be, exist, come to be, become, happen," from Proto-Germanic *biju- "I am, I will be." Historically it is associated with introspection, private thought, imagination and volition. [372] Storytelling may also be used as a way to provide the audience with moral lessons and encourage cooperation. 
[437] Humans have evolved the ability to change affiliation with various social groups relatively easily, including previously strong political alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages. [439], Governments create laws and policies that affect the citizens that they govern. [194], Both the mother and the father provide care for human offspring, in contrast to other primates, where parental care is mostly done by the mother. [271] As there are chromosomal differences between females and males, some X and Y chromosome-related conditions and disorders only affect either men or women. [149] While humans have a density of hair follicles comparable to other apes, it is predominantly vellus hair, most of which is so short and wispy as to be practically invisible. [294] The only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists. c. 1300, "existence," in its most comprehensive sense, "condition, state, circumstances; presence, fact of existing," early 14c., existence," from be + -ing. The most significant of these adaptations are obligate bipedalism, increased brain size and decreased sexual dimorphism (neoteny). [345] Unlike the limited systems of other animals, human language is openan infinite number of meanings can be produced by combining a limited number of symbols. The sense of "that which physically exists, a person or thing" (as in human being) is from late 14c. mid-15c., humain, humaigne, "human," from Old French humain, umain (adj.) All modern humans are classified into the species Homo sapiens, coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 1735 work Systema Naturae. The "b-root" had no past tense in Old English, but often served as future tense of am/was. [370] One of the oldest surviving works of literature is the Epic of Gilgamesh, first engraved on ancient Babylonian tablets about 4,000 years ago. [126] Human habitation within these hostile environments is restrictive and expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to scientific, military, or industrial expeditions. [236][237] Populations that have for a very long time inhabited specific climates tend to have developed specific phenotypes that are beneficial for those environmentsshort stature and stocky build in cold regions, tall and lanky in hot regions, and with high lung capacities or other adaptations at high altitudes. Glossary of psychological terms", "Developmental Psychology Studies Human Development Across the Lifespan", "The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory", "The relation between emotional intelligence and criminal behavior: A study among convicted criminals", "The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. [150][151] Humans have about 2 million sweat glands spread over their entire bodies, many more than chimpanzees, whose sweat glands are scarce and are mainly located on the palm of the hand and on the soles of the feet. [81][82], Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Europe entered the Middle Ages. [423] As a social construct,[424] gender roles are not fixed and vary historically within a society. Enough time for language impressions from the New World to make it back into European writings. [186] In developed countries, infants are typically 34kg (79lb) in weight and 4753cm (1921in) in height at birth. [350], Human arts can take many forms including visual, literary and performing. [455] War has had a high cost on human life; it is estimated that during the 20th century, between 167 million and 188 million people died as a result of war.[456]. "quality, state, or condition of having existence," 1660s, from being + -ness. This seems to be the sense in which the term appears in Florio's 1603 translation of Montaigne's Essay "On Vanity," in Taylor's 1620 disquisition on The King's Bath, and in Cheynall's 1646 account of a ministerial conference at Oxford. [139] The combined biomass of the carbon of all the humans on Earth in 2018 was estimated at 60 million tons, about 10 times larger than that of all non-domesticated mammals. [195] Helpless at birth, humans continue to grow for some years, typically reaching sexual maturity at 15 to 17 years of age. It just depends upon which tribe used what term. [296] It is sometimes synonymous with 'the mind', and at other times, an aspect of it. [415][bettersourceneeded], Human societies typically exhibit gender identities and gender roles that distinguish between masculine and feminine characteristics and prescribe the range of acceptable behaviours and attitudes for their members based on their sex. Childbirth is dangerous, with a high risk of complications and death. [413], Society is the system of organizations and institutions arising from interaction between humans. [84] In the Middle East, Islam became the prominent religion and expanded into North Africa. [444][445] Early trade likely involved materials for creating tools like obsidian. 
[28], The "out of Africa" migration took place in at least two waves, the first around 130,000 to 100,000 years ago, the second (Southern Dispersal) around 70,000 to 50,000 years ago. Language, art, and trade are defining characteristics of humans. [446] The first truly international trade routes were around the spice trade through the Roman and medieval periods. [190] The size of the fetus's head is more closely matched to the pelvis than other primates. [173], The human genome was first sequenced in 2001[174] and by 2020 hundreds of thousands of genomes had been sequenced. [123] The human population is not, however, uniformly distributed on the Earth's surface, because the population density varies from one region to another, and large stretches of surface are almost completely uninhabited, like Antarctica and vast swathes of the ocean. [126] Humans have briefly visited the Moon and made their presence felt on other celestial bodies through human-made robotic spacecraft. [306], Human motivation is not yet wholly understood. [340] Teaching and learning preserves the cultural and ethnographic identity of human societies. [147], Humans share with chimpanzees a vestigial tail, appendix, flexible shoulder joints, grasping fingers and opposable thumbs. [441] Many countries have formed international political organizations and alliances, the largest being the United Nations with 193 member states. Or at least, we aren't supposed to be - what we have become now (psychological entities caught in our own past and memories, with memory playing re-playing itself as thought and personality), is sadly far from the human possibility that many human beings in our past have exhibited (Jesus, Krishna, Gandhi, [98] This includes the British Empire expanding to become the world's largest empire[99] and the colonization of the Americas. WebHumane : HUMAN e (hyu mane) adj. WebThe term studia humanitatis (studies of humanity) was used by 15th-century Italian humanists to denote secular literary and scholarly activities (in grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy, and ancient Greek and Latin studies) that the humanists thought to be essentially humane and Classical studies rather than divine ones. [411] Philosophy relies on reason and evidence, unlike religion, but does not require the empirical observations and experiments provided by science. [42], Until about 12,000 years ago, all humans lived as hunter-gatherers. [225] Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days, with a maximum of one week. ", "What is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter? [34][35], Human evolution was not a simple linear or branched progression but involved interbreeding between related species. [200] Human females undergo menopause and become infertile at around the age of 50. Lacking the qualities of a humane being 19. Love is both. [121], Humans are one of the most adaptable species, despite having a low or narrow tolerance for many of the earth's extreme environments. What sort of existence do you wish for your nieces, nephews, children, grandchildren? [355][356][357] As well as providing entertainment and transferring knowledge, the arts are also used for political purposes. Maybe my fathers explanation will give some recall and something to cite by other readers. How to use Humans are highly intelligent, capable of episodic memory, have flexible facial expressions, self-awareness, and a theory of mind. Having less sleep than this is common among humans, even though sleep deprivation can have negative health effects. [420][421] In some other societies, non-binary is used as an umbrella term for a range of gender identities that are not solely male or female. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and inheritance. WebHuman definition, of, pertaining to, characteristic of, or having the nature of people: human frailty. ", "Despite global concerns about democracy, more than half of countries are democratic", "Did Use of Free Trade Cause Neanderthal Extinction? The word man is now rare in the meaning "human being in general" . [8] The native English term man can refer to the species generally (a synonym for humanity) as well as to human males. [104] The United States of America underwent great change, going from a small group of colonies to one of the global superpowers. [434][435][436], As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between these different groups increased. This has allowed great technological advancements and complex tool development to be possible through complex reasoning and the transmission of knowledge to subsequent generations. Webconsisting of people: the human race, a human chain having the attributes of man as opposed to animals, divine beings, or machines: human failings kind or considerate Harper, Douglas. Humans began exhibiting behavioral modernity about 160,00060,000 years ago. The word human can refer to all members of the Homo genus, although in common usage it generally just refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant species. [184] Embryonic development in the human covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. "being" is a "noun" originating from, and therefore, perhaps, better understood by, a pre-industrial emergent consciousness. A second potential [208][209] The developed world is generally aging, with the median age around 40 years. [397] In 2015 the plurality were Christian followed by Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists. [364] There exists a wide variety of music genres and ethnic musics; with humans' musical abilities being related to other abilities, including complex social human behaviours. [73], In the 5th century BCE, history started being recorded as a discipline, which provided a much clearer picture of life at the time. [102] This period also marked the Scientific Revolution, with great advances in mathematics, mechanics, astronomy and physiology. [365] Dance is also a form of human expression found in all cultures[366] and may have evolved as a way to help early humans communicate. Often, both the mother and the father provide care for their children, who are helpless at birth. Collective in all Germanic languages, it has eight different forms in Modern English: BE (infinitive, subjunctive, imperative); AM (present 1st person singular); ARE (present 2nd person singular and all plural); IS (present 3rd person singular); WAS (past 1st and 3rd persons singular); WERE (past 2nd person singular, all plural; subjunctive); BEING (progressive & present participle; gerund); BEEN (perfect participle). ", "Cognitive underpinnings of nationalistic ideology in the context of Brexit", "What Are the Different Types of Governments? [79] In West Asia, the Achaemenid Empire's system of centralized governance became the precursor to many later empires,[80] while the Gupta Empire in India and the Han dynasty in China have been described as golden ages in their respective regions. All but one of these lineagesrepresenting the genus Homo and its sole extant species Homo sapiensare now extinct. [169][170] This small variation in human DNA compared to many other species suggests a population bottleneck during the Late Pleistocene (around 100,000 years ago), in which the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs. This is the sense in which "humane being" appears in Bishop Marcos's 1618 chronicle of the life of St. Francis, Bolton's 1622 book on Nero, and Massinger's 1632 play. [56] It was in these cities that the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BCE. 
[406] An understanding of mathematics is unique to humans, although other species of animals have some numerical cognition. ), Old Church Slavonic byti "be," Greek phu- "become," Old Irish bi'u "I am," Lithuanian bti "to be," Russian byt' "to be," etc. It may also refer to individuals of either sex, though this form is less common in contemporary English. (rare) To ", "Japan's Maglev Train Breaks World Speed Record with 600km/h Test Run", "Human Evolution: The Origin of Tool Use", "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa", "The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process", "Neolithic Era Tools: Inventing a New Age", "The 50 Greatest Breakthroughs Since the Wheel", "Evolutionary Religious Studies: A New Field of Scientific Inquiry", "Chimpanzees: Spiritual But Not Religious? [330] When in love dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and other chemicals stimulate the brain's pleasure center, leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. [429], Human ethnic groups are a social category that identifies together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. 
Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. [60] The development of more complex tools and technologies allowed land to be cultivated and animals to be domesticated, thus proving essential in the development of agriculturewhat is known as the Neolithic Revolution. Humans have characteristically crowded teeth, with gaps from lost teeth usually closing up quickly in young individuals. [161][149] Humans' thinner body hair and more productive sweat glands help avoid heat exhaustion while running for long distances. [278] Objectively defining intelligence is difficult, with other animals adapting senses and excelling in areas that humans are unable to. All modern humans are classified into the species Homo sapiens, coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 1735 work Systema Naturae. 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