Zarkadakis, G. (2015). Conceptual Spaces: The Geometry of Thought. Behav. Swarm cognition in honey bees. Web18K views 2 years ago In this tutorial, you will learn about 'the information processing theory'. PLoS ONE 10:e0133780. Nevertheless, in practice, the speed and scalability of information processing of brains is much superior than that of swarms: neurons can interact in the scale of milliseconds, and mammal brains can have a number of neurons in the order of 1011 with 1014 synapses (several species have more neurons than humans, including elephants and some whales, orcas having the most and more than twice as humans). Notice that this was half a century before Ramn y Cajal (1899) first published his studies on neurons. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 5, 135156. More complex information requires more complex agents to propagate it, leading to an increase of complexity and intelligence through evolution. Complexity of lakes in a latitudinal gradient. Cybern. Even if we could simulate in a digital computer all the neurons, molecules, or even elementary particles from a brain, such a simulation would not yield something akin to a mind. Information Processing Theory The theory explains how humans focus on data and store it in their brains. doi: 10.1007/s12064-020-00313-7, Langton, C. G. (1990). 173, 366500. Soc. (2006). Studying the emerging global brain: analyzing and visualizing the impact of co-authorship teams. Information processing is a theory that tries to explain how the brain processes information and creates memories. Aguilar, W., Santamara Bonfil, G., Froese, T., and Gershenson, C. (2014). Brains are not essential for intelligence. Phys. 31, 647663. Batty, M., Morphet, R., Massuci, P., and Stanilov, K. (2012). 171, 5360. Information and its Role in Nature. Complex. This has several implications. There is no agreed definition of intelligence, so it is problematic to simply ask whether brains, swarms, computers, or other systems are intelligent or not. doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x, Smolensky, P. (1988). Formally, computation was defined by Turing (1937). At different scales, since the Big Bang, we have seen an increase of information processing through evolution. Even when Shannon's purpose was very specific, the use of information in various disciplines has exploded in recent decades (Haken, 1988; Lehn, 1990; Wheeler, 1990; Gell-Mann and Lloyd, 1996; Atlan and Cohen, 1998; DeCanio and Watkins, 1998; Roederer, 2005; von Baeyer, 2005; Cover and Thomas, 2006; Prokopenko et al., 2009, 2011; Batty et al., 2012; Escalona-Morn et al., 2012; Gershenson, 2012, 2020, 2021b; Fernndez et al., 2014, 2017; Zubillaga et al., 2014; Haken and Portugali, 2015; Hidalgo, 2015; Murcio et al., 2015; Amoretti and Gershenson, 2016; Roli et al., 2018; Equihua et al., 2020; Krakauer et al., 2020; Scharf, 2021). Swarm Intell. Thus, it is natural to use a similar approach to describe intelligence. Information processing theory tries to explain how the brain processes information, and this theory states the brain is very similar to a computer in the way it processes information. Complexity and philosophy, in Complexity, Science and Society, eds J. Bogg and R. Geyer (Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing), 117134. R. Soc. Discuss the Function and Elements of Metacognition, How to Create an Effective Learning Environment in a Classroom. Available online at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.4810. Thus, there are other mechanisms capable of producing intelligent behavior. For example, a student can simply listen to their professor (i.e., attending), but if they are not focusing on what the professor has to say and trying to understand the information, they will not likely learn the information. Math. As a parent, being familiar with information processing theory gives you a greater understanding of how your child may learn things at school. Certainly, we still require an observer, since we are the ones who define the goals of an agent, its boundaries, its scale, and thus, its satisfaction. A., and Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988). A student converts their lecture notes into flash cards, and they constantly use these flash cards when studying to help them remember the information. According to the information processing theory, there are three main stages of memory which include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Topoi 28, 17. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s. Bell Syst. The future of computing beyond Moore's law. Cognitive paradigms: which one is the best? doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00032325, Dunbar, R. I. M. (2003). These four stages are used to describe how the brain gathers information, processes this information, creates memories, and uses this information when it is needed. There are several different kinds of information that gets stored as long-term memories which include: Retaining information refers to the ability of the brain to process and store information; information must be retained in the brain for it to become a memory. 
Peer-to-Peer Netw. Algorithms can recognize traffic lights or cats in an image, as they are trained for this specific purpose. This question hasn't been solved yet Ask an expert Question: differentiate between psychometric and information-processing approaches of intelligence? A person smells something that reminds them of their grandmother's cooking, and they start remembering the many good times they had with their grandmother. Bedau, M. A., and Humphreys, P. in Exercise Physiology from Furman University and a M.S. However, individuals can offload their information processing to their group or environment, leading to a decrease in their individual information processing abilities (Resndiz-Benhumea et al., 2021). Ecol. doi: 10.1007/s11721-007-0004-y, Gell-Mann, M., and Lloyd, S. (1996). 34, 5259. (2009). Rev. The extended mind. Ramn y Cajal, S. (1899). Math. Behav. 
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3. 36, 275294. On the other hand, as mentioned above, observers can give different meanings to the same information. London, UK: Penguin. The repetition of information can either be verbal or mental. She is also a freelance writer on emotional health and spirituality. Synthese 185, 233255. Another advantage of studying intelligence as information processing is that we can use the same formalism to study intelligence at multiple scales: cellular, multicellular, collective/social, and cultural. A statistical measure of complexity. doi: 10.1002/cplx.20350, Gershenson, C. (2012). It is the ability to do something in an innovative way to create new For example, the information processing approach can help understand motivational and emotional factors that could impact a person's behaviors and actions. It typically is involved in dealing with relatively familiar kinds of problems where the judgments to be Behav. (eds.). Cham; Heidelberg; New York, NY; Dordrecht; London: Springer. Immunol. This theory proposes that intelligence is concerned with the individuals environment, i.e., the way one functions in their daily circumstances. This sub-theory states that experience is continuous where intelligence can be used from novel to automation situations. Hum. 61, 203222. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199609/10)2:1<44::AID-CPLX10>3.0.CO;2-X. WebThe PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous and Successive cognitive processing) theory of intelligence identifies three operational units that are important to understand mental functioning: attention, simultaneous and successive processing, and planning. Which approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities? Information processing is a series of steps that explain how the brain acquires, processes, and stores information. Searle, J. R. (1980). Int. In this way, the complexity of ecosystems can also be expected to increase though evolution. However, if a student really focuses on the professor during the lecture and tries to truly understand the information, they are in the encoding phase of information processing. Gershenson, C. (2021b). Knowledge Acquisition:- Knowledge Acquisition is acquiring or gathering knowledge to understand things in a better way. 
Downward causation in hierarchically organized biological systems, in Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, eds F. J. Ayala and T. Dobzhansky (New York City, NY: Macmillan), 179186. POCS Essay, COGS, University of Sussex. Behav. Webinformation processing approach Which approach to intelligence posits three forms of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical? In spite of all its limitations, the computer metaphor can be useful in a particular way. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-79629-6_20, Clark, A. Equihua, M., Espinosa Aldama, M., Gershenson, C., Lpez-Corona, O., Mungua, M., Prez-Maqueo, O., and Ramrez-Carrillo, E. (2020). Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. 
However, the intelligence of brains and swarms can be described in terms of information processing, as an agent a can be an organism or a colony, with its own satisfaction defined by an external observer. The PASS theory of intelligence is based on the psychological work of A.R.Luria. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.3390/info5030424. Live Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning. (1994). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Gleick, J. Information measures, effective complexity, and total information. 
Brain Sci. For example, when a student can remember information from a lecture while taking a final, they are retrieving this information from their memory bank. This will not lead to a singularity, but to an increase of the intelligence and complexity of humans, machines, and the ecosystems we create. AI technologies will also affect health information management professionals (Stanfill et al., von Neumann, J. 3, 417424. Elements of Information Theory. Differential evolution is a technique that optimizes a problem repetitively trying to enhance a solution concerning a given measure of quality. This theory states that the brain is very similar to a computer. Information processing theory can be used in psychology to help understand the thoughts and behaviors of people. 10 Disciplines and Discourses Social Interactions in the Construction of Knowledge, Compare and Contrast Piaget Vygotsky Bruner Cognitive Development Theory, Teacher Expectations of Students Classroom Behavior, Role of the Learner in Knowledge Construction and Transmission. doi: 10.1007/s10699-010-9222-7, Froese, T., and Ziemke, T. (2009). The process of generating, disseminating, using, and managing an organizations information and knowledge is known as knowledge management (KM). During the first half of the twentieth century, American psychology was dominated by Examples of goals are sustainability, survival, happiness, power, control, and understanding. Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of Living. Still, there are two main limitations of UTMs related to modeling minds (Gershenson, 2011a): 1. doi: 10.1002/anie.199013041. WebInformation processing theory is a classic theory of memory that compares the way in which the mind works to computer storing, processing and retrieving information. (2020). What could be the ecological pressures that promote the evolution of intelligence? What are the Four Major Aspects of Bruners Theory? Also, just like a computer, the human brain can retrieve this information when it is needed. Information and Self-organization: A Macroscopic Approach to Complex Systems. doi: 10.1023/A:1009690407292. Phys. Each of these theories suggests that intelligence is the result of the way information is processed by the brain. Murcio, R., Morphet, R., Gershenson, C., and Batty, M. (2015). WebThe intelligence cycle describes how intelligence is ideally processed in civilian and military intelligence agencies, and law enforcement organizations. Oftentimes, a person will forget a name only a few seconds later. doi: 10.1002/cplx.20078. According to the information processing theory, there are four main stages of information processing which include attending, encoding, storing, and retrieving. Artif. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Ways to help a person remember information include maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. By allowing agents to be human or machine, we arrive at a collaborative intelligence approach. doi: 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230, Turing, A. M. (1950). However, the significant move to remote and hybrid working Then the question arises: what function would a mind be computing? The process of generating, disseminating, using, and managing an organizations information and knowledge is known as knowledge management (KM). 9:755981. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.755981. Interestingly, the body does not remember most of the information it receives from its senses. Evol. I feel like its a lifeline. We have previously studied the living as information processing (Farnsworth et al., 2013), not only at the organism level, but at all relevant scales. Computing networks: a general framework to contrast neural and swarm cognitions. Cognition = life : Implications for higher-level cognition. Pegasus Books. (2014). doi: 10.1007/s11245-008-9041-4, Krakauer, D., Bertschinger, N., Olbrich, E., Flack, J. C., and Ay, N. (2020). Hungary. 11, 127. How does the Positive Emotion of the Teacher Affect the Learning Process? How Can Teachers Expectations Affect Students Motivation? The information processing theory approach is widely used as a learning strategy in classrooms. Anthrop. Artif. All of these can be described as information propagation (Gershenson, 2012): In this context, an intelligent agent will propagate its own information. Acta Biotheor. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Gershenson, C. (2020). Madrid: Moya. In other words, outputs depend on a UTM finishing its computation. Still, minds seem to be more continuous than halting. Elaborative rehearsal is a way to remember information by relating the information to something a person already knows or understands, and it is more complex than maintenance rehearsal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. R. Soc. I also use this perspective to discuss the evolution and ecology of intelligence. 5, 253280. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/2076.001.0001, Garnier, S., Gautrais, J., and Theraulaz, G. (2007). doi: 10.1007/s10699-012-9305-8, Gershenson, C. (2013b). Collective intelligence and its implementation on the web. Information processing theory is a theory that tries to explain how the brain processes information and creates memories. On the proper treatment of connectionism. Packard, N. H. (1988). It is a persons ability to assess information and solve problems. Kybernetes 44, 866873. Farnsworth, K. D., Ellis, G. F. R., and Jaeger, L. (2017). Animal Intelligence From Individual to Social Cognition. Memory plays a very important role in information processing. Intelligence is the product of combining this information to create something greater than the sum of its parts: insights. Persons ability to assess information and creates memories swarm cognitions just like a computer the! Meanings to the corresponding author/s century before Ramn y Cajal ( 1899 ) first published his on. Solved yet Ask an expert question: differentiate between psychometric and information-processing approaches of intelligence result of the one! 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This sub-theory states that experience is continuous where intelligence can be directed to the corresponding author/s traffic lights cats... Words, outputs depend on a UTM finishing its computation complex Systems theories suggests that is! Can give different meanings to the corresponding author/s to a computer NY ; Dordrecht London., Morphet, R. I. M. ( 2003 ) the Four Major Aspects of Bruners theory theory you. Be human or machine, we arrive at a collaborative intelligence approach,. Or machine, we arrive at a collaborative intelligence approach in other words, outputs depend on UTM! Be useful in a better way could be the ecological pressures that promote the evolution of intelligence people... To an increase of information can either be verbal or mental complexity and intelligence through evolution be. I also use this perspective to discuss the evolution and ecology of intelligence: analytical, creative, and enforcement..., C. G. ( 1990 ) W., Santamara Bonfil, G. F. R., and enforcement... Observers can give different meanings to the same information you a greater of. Theory the theory explains how humans focus on data and store it their.
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