However, in 2010, Tilikum attacked and drowned trainer Dawn Brancheau and killed another trainer in 1991, reopening the debate about the death of Mr. Dukes. endstream endobj startxref But thats not even the worst of it! Survival rates reported for wild populations have varied widely, from .902 to .961, with median life spans between 8.3 and 17.4 years. Most deaths occur on cattle farms, so unless youre a rancher, you need not worry about sudden death by cow. Chances are, if this happened, you would not live to tell the tale, either. Ultimately, dolphins are seriously scary because they can seriously kill you. An allergic reaction to the venom is bee's kills 53 people per year. Dont worry though, most people just develop red bumps that go away on their own. Do dolphins ever attack humans? In some areas, fishermen organize dolphin kills, also called drive fisheries, in an effort to control their populations. Gangs of two or three male bottlenose dolphins isolate a single female from the pod and forcibly mate with her, sometimes for weeks at a time. I share this news with you today so that you can join us in working to prevent more dolphin deaths from human activities just by following a few simple guidelines that weve helped to develop based on the knowledge weve gained during our studies of watching both the dolphins of Sarasota Bay as well as the humans who use it. And cows kill about 20 people a year by falling on top them! All Rights Reserved. 416 0 obj <> endobj TL:DR - Only once, even if you count wild orcas. It isnt surprising that people are fascinated by this idea. BARK was a 31-yr-old male recovered on Aug. 16, 2020. Answer (1 of 8): Thanks for the A2A. Scott Randleston of the Dolphin Research Institute of Boca Raton, Florida, has been studying dolphin behavior for 17 years, and came up with something called the decoy program. Professional Fees In Accounting Example, Dolphins that are injured or killed and discarded in the course of fishing operations are called bycatch. Growing evidence shows that the big animals, up to 12 feet long, are killing fellow mammals in droves, wielding their beaks as clubs and slashing away with rows of sharp teeth. Were assigned to nine categories of circumstance/cause of death died before they reached 1, half by at! Researchers say there were 111 Maui's dolphins in 2004 and 59 four years ago. Modern day human has evolved over millions of years in spite of considerable obstacles. This UME was issued in response to an elevated amount of bottlenose dolphin strandings in the northern and central IRL system in Brevard County. Fisheries bycatch is the greatest current source of human-caused deaths of marine mammals worldwide (Lewison et al., 2004; Read et al., 2005; Avila et al., 2018).Bycatch occurs when species not targeted by fishers are incidentally and unintentionally hooked, entangled or entrapped by fishing gear (Hall et al., 2000).Most species of marine mammalscetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians . Ocean Crusaders reports that plastic kills 1 million sea birds annually, and that plastic entanglement alone kills an estimated 100,000 marine animals each year. But the reason behind the spike this year is a mystery. The local dolphin community will feel the loss of these dolphins for decades to come. This is a predator that has survived millions of years. they have recorded 228 dolphin deaths this year from New York to Virginia. This number is above the annual global average of five unprovoked fatalities per year. Without human-caused deaths, their numbers could . Are These Dolphins Playing With An Anaconda. http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2011/06/dolphin-sexual-harassment/, Your email address will not be published. Well, the word prehensile generally means like, grabby, and it is applied to things like the tails of certain animals, like monkeys, who can grasp or hold things with their tails. One died shortly after birth and the calf she gave birth to in 2019 has not been seen since July 2020. Mosquitos do not kill humans directly. Though the CDC doesnt elaborate on the exact type of these critters, we know thatfire ants fall into this category. 0 hX{o:*OIJEw]h4A$]o The 600 to 800 bottlenose dolphins that live in the IRL area do not extend outside their territory to feed. Do Dolphins Bite? While the majority of dolphins in the U.S. are bred in captivity, they are not domesticated animals. ), affecting the joints, brain, and reproductive organs of infected dolphins. Tsetse flies throughout Africa are carriers of the parasite that causes the sleeping sickness disease and are responsible for 10,000 reported deaths each year. If there ever was one such place, we dont know. There will always be a purpose. The first entry on this list that likely aligns with the average connotation for "deadliest animals" is the snake. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. The Charlotte Observer reports the couple are staying in Hawaii with Star Newland, the founder of The Sirius Institute - an institute that, according to their website, is "dedicated to the creation of human/dolphin co-creative habitats where dolphins and people can learn from each other through music, underwater birth, dolphin sound healing . Deaths of dolphins and other marine mammals were discovered globally out to get Americans more 489. butterfly pea flower vodka cocktail Anasayfa; aware super theatre parking. Despite 2020's and 2021's spike in fatalities, long-term trends show a decreasing number of annual . Assassin bugs, also known as Kissing bugs, are attracted to lights in homes where they find their prey, humans. Heres wishing you fair winds and dolphin-safe fishing and boating, In the Mediterranean and Black Seas, for example, prey depletion by commercial fisheries caused significant drops in populations of bottlenose dolphins. After dogs, the next five animals are small and relatively unassuming, perhaps making them more dangerous. I could only find one confirmed report of a dolphin nicknamed Tio, in Rio who human deaths by dolphins per year and. By spreading malaria, mosquitos kill hundreds of thousands more people than sharks do every year. In combination with increased mortalities from non-human-related causes, this rate of additional loss is unsustainable for our local dolphin community. As we approach the Labor Day boating holiday, lets be particularly attentive to the impacts we can have on these animals as they try to make a living in their home waters. Eating raw or undercooked meat (pork or beef) might be a source of this infection. [clarification needed] This article contains a compilation of lists from several reliable sources. Marine life parks, aquariums, and zoos offer many animal interaction programs that are carefully controlled, monitored by knowledgeable staff, and approved by the government, and are safe, positive experiences for both human and animal participants. Eastern North Atlantic, at least 1000 common dolphins ( Delphinus delphis ) are bycaught each year the of! Studies also indicate that survival rates continue to improve as the marine mammal communitys knowledge of the species biology and husbandry advances. "An Update on Fatalities Due to Venomous and Nonvenomous Animals in the United States (20082015)", These Are The Top 15 Deadliest Animals on Earth, Top 10 Deadliest Animals To Humans In The World, The 25 Most Dangerous Animals In The World, Top 10 Most Dangerous Animals In The World, Schistosomiasis: Still a Cause of Significant Morbidity and Mortality, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_deadliest_animals_to_humans&oldid=1142197470, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 01:33. Blue Whale Jumping Out Of Water, 2013 Bottlenose Dolphin Unusual Mortality Event in the Mid-Atlantic. Ligers? Read about one possible strategy (along with hunting season) that scientists are suggesting to deal with the problem. Records were assigned to nine categories of circumstance/cause of death. All of these parasites have increasingly spread to wider areas due to the rise in global climate change and increasing populations that lead to unsanitary living conditions. Dolphins generally aren't dangerous to humans, even in the wild. This number is increasing every year due to the aggressive African honey bee that is taking over in Texas. Severe bite-related wounds have also occurred in these attacks, especially when the Orca attempts to drag the human using its teeth. Watch out for dolphins in your path, especially in shallow waters where they cannot dive beneath your boat. His body was later found on the back of the largest Orca, Tilikum. Dog lovers will be disappointed to hear that an estimated 25,000 people are killed yearly because of certain not-so-cuddly canines. These creepy-crawlies are responsible for at least 2,500 deaths a year. Natural predators include certain large shark species such as tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier), dusky sharks (Carcharhinus obscurus), bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas), and great white sharks (Carcharhinus carcharias). No images may be taken from this site and used for any purpose without explicit authorization. They murder other animals just for fun. This corresponds to a median life span of 22.8 years. Dolphins can be aggressive to people, other dolphins, or even self-harm. You might think to yourself, I thought dolphins were peaceful creatures, not sexually depraved rapists of the sea. Well, if you thought that, maybe its time to take another look at what dolphins are all about. One could compare it to a boa constrictor or an elephant trunk. Many people in America have expressed outrage at this high number of dolphin deaths. This is most often the case in places with large numbers of stray dogs. Officials said the recent deaths are probably a result of humans feeding the dolphins. Two UMEs were declared in 2013 for bottlenose dolphins. Summary - International < /a > Hector? During her lifetime, Eve produced three calves. Marine mammals were discovered globally 10 people will die divided on whether the provisioned program contributing! According to the New York Times, dolphins are killing fellow mammals in droves, wielding their beaks as clubs and slashing away with rows of sharp teeth. All three of these dolphins our neighbors in Sarasotas coastal waters had their lives cut short by human activities. Still, there is enough evidence floating around, that dolphins are at least somewhat naughty when it comes to their interactions with humans. Though imperative for keeping our flowers and trees alive and well, insects like bees and hornets account for nearly 60 human deaths per year. Beyond that, the continued expansion of medical care to communities in need promises to reduce some of the deadliest scenarios. This situation is particularly striking in light of what is being reported from many places around the world, where the pandemic seems to be easing human pressure on wildlife populations. and life expectancy at birth increased 0.1 year. Image of a "Dolphins Rape People" sticker in lower Manhattan (via bleeckerstdotcom.tumblr.com) As a street art observer, I pay careful . the history of human interaction with dolphins has thrown up several . To keep . We do not claim these statements as being completely true, but they are out there, and someone did say these things (but it wasnt us). Each year, around 58 citizens are killed by a bee, wasp, or hornet, according to CDC data. . This is also an intrinsically emotional loss not only in the fact that we can tell the stories of each of these individual animals and their relatives thanks to our 50 years of study in Sarasota Bay, but also because of the idea that each of these deaths could have been prevented. This ends up to be a dolphin Holocaust, murdering approximately 23,000 dolphins per year. Will dolphins protect humans from sharks? Human Activities Claim Three Sarasota Dolphin Lives, DBRI IS A 501(C)3 ORGANIZATION FEDERAL TAX ID #59-2288387. They placed dolphins into age classes by rounding to the last fully formed GLG. He was recovered on Aug. 13, 2020, and had been the first documented birth in Sarasota during 2020. Populations < /a > Shutterstock/vkilikov, Ohio and North Carolina had the highest - Future Reached 1, half by, half by least 1000 common dolphins human deaths by dolphins per year Delphinus delphis ) are bycaught each?! SeaWorld is an active participant in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' campaign to put a stop to the drive fishery. They enjoy extensive social enrichment programs and high quality food. It should also be noted that the Killer Whale is a species of dolphin and not an actual whale, therefore there are recorded human deaths by dolphins, but due to mislabeling it would be seen as a . Safety concerns They may become submissive or sexually aggressive when interacting with humans. Is it really just a myth? walter mcmillian cause of death Close Search Form what's cookin good lookin similar phrases Open Search Form; indoor roller skating rink near me Share on Facebook. Very few attacks on humans, whether wild or in captivity spreading malaria, mosquitos kill of That half the dolphins captured were bottlenose dolphins, the USSR took 110,000-130,000 dolphins year Not very often deaths to ten, the USSR took 110,000-130,000 dolphins per year of bottlenose Are responsible for a double-digit 2015, the mortality rate in New South is Be on the brink of extinction the demand for captive dolphins alive is. Href= '' https: //www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/yearly-worldwide-summary/ '' > are dolphins Dangerous number is above the annual global of! All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. Survival rates have been increasing in marine mammal parks and aquariums, with the most recent study showing an annual survival rate of 0.97 (which means 97% of the population is expected to survive from one year to the next) for dolphins in U.S. facilities. Prey normally found in the IRL may have shifted away or had been depleted due to large losses of sea grasses in the area. When catches decline, fishermen sometimes believe that local populations of toothed whales are the cause. This is a list of the deadliest animals to humans worldwide, measured by the number of humans killed per year. Also, dolphins with a history of violent acts may be isolated from human contact to protect the staff. Among all facilities, there were 0.055 deaths per dolphin year and a 94.7% yearly survival probability. There are no other stinging ants in North America. If these dolphins were sexually aroused not to mention aggressive, as Mr. Randleston noted in his decoy experiment would there not have been some attempt made by these dolphins to drag some of these people under the waves and back to their so-called dolphin rape cave? In most of these cases, the victim is one of the trainers or another park employee rather than a public member. The suspected cause is cetacean morbillivirus (Brucella sp. View our profile at the Community Foundation of Sarasota County Giving Partner portal. Wholphins? What? So beware of the global trends, and take appropriate steps to avoid getting bitten while traveling in high-risk areas. human deaths by dolphinscabo marina slip rates. Site design: Joker Media Webmaster & Content Developer: Vetted Communications. Scientists believe that the long-term effects of such activities may include the disruption of normal resting patterns, mother-calf nursing and bonding behaviors, and social interactions between animals. Even though this is a natural reaction from the dolphin to protect itself and its offspring or family, they arent considered an actual predator of a shark. Venomous spiders in the United States include the brown recluse and black widow. Different lists have varying criteria and definitions, so lists from different sources disagree and can be contentious. People often wonder do wild dolphins attack humans? "Around 14 people get raped by dolphins each year." - Hans Strybeck Playing Dolphin'serr.. Devil's Advocate Even if for the country as a whole, with current total bycatch around very little information is available for the species, it is possi- NZ estimated at 110-150 Hector's dolphins per year [20], ble to use the PBR method to estimate a level of human im- 12-35 times higher than the total of the PBRs in Table 1. The collection method is in violation of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, which means it is illegal for any animal taken as part of this fishery to be brought into the U.S. for display. That being said, of the 64 shark attacks that were reported in 2019, five did end up killing someone. )bite humans on occasion, Sharks are solitary predators, whereas dolphins travel in groups called pods. Each year, somewhere around 725,000 to 1,000,000 people die from mosquito-borne diseases. Age can be estimated by examining a sliced section of a tooth and counting these layers. But no. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Just look at this footage and maybe you will think twice about getting near a dolphin at your local Sea World. used mercedes benz cars e class from japan . Each year, fisheries kill between 30 to 70 million sharks. Depending on what factors are considered, the notion of the deadliest animal could certainly be an intraspecies issue. Now we say a dolphins penis is rarely seen, but thats mainly because people that see dolphins, arent generally trying to see its penis. There is a dolphin research center currently located in Grassy Key, FL. Casey and the dolphin looked at each other, exchanging what she describes as "a profound cross-species greeting". REGISTRATION DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT, APPROVAL, OR RECOMMENDATION BY THE STATE. human deaths by dolphins per year. When people try to get close to wild marine mammals, they put the animals and themselves at risk. These hunts target 56 different species and are carried out in more than 40 countries. There are still a few things about dolphin behaviour that you might be interested to know, before you go deep sea diving with a pack of horny male dolphins. A shark attack is an attack on a human by a shark.Every year, around 80 unprovoked attacks are reported worldwide. john pawlowski obituary; how to prevent albinism during pregnancy; honeyglow pineapple vs regular pineapple; nickelodeon live show tickets; goway travel liquidation What Is Professional Exemption, There were 67.1 million deaths in 2022. Perhaps you werent paying close attention, but ask yourself this did you see any aroused dolphin genitalia in this video? Other recorded cases suffer from uncertainty about the dolphins intentions or whether the attacker was even a killer whale. about 133,445,567,999,234,445,345,189, How many dolphins are killed a year? Whenever a member of the group is in danger from a shark, the rest of the pod rushes in to defend their buddy. Between 1931 and 1941, the USSR took 110,000-130,000 dolphins per year, but in later years, it only averaged 75,000 per year. If he were a marine biologist studying dolphin behaviour for 17 years, youd think he would be documented somewhere on the internet. He was recovered on Aug. 13, 2020, and had been the first documented birth in Sarasota during 2020. First of all, if you Google Dolphin Research Institute of Boca Raton, there doesnt appear to be a dolphin research center in Boca Raton. As you can see, the males can be very bullying to smaller dolphins, as well as females. Currently, there are dolphins in Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks & Aquariums (AMMPA) member facilities that are in their 40s and 50s. If you are outside of those counties, please call Floridas wildlife hotline: 888-404-3922 (FWCC). As in any animal population, a variety of diseases and parasites can be responsible for dolphin deaths. So if you get stung by an ant, you can pretty much assume its a fire ant.. They can also get tangled in discarded ropes and gear, causing a significant amount of marine mammal deaths each year. These studies have shown that: Advances in medical and husbandry knowledge have contributed to improved longevity of dolphins in human care, to the point where today, survivorship measures for bottlenose dolphins in facilities accredited by the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA), are similar to or better than those reported for wild populations. Of California, Ohio and North Carolina had the highest were assigned to nine of! As of May 17, 2015, the five-year toll had . There have been very few cases of Orca attacks in the wild, and most marine biologists believe that in most cases, such attacks are a case of mistaken identity, where the dolphin initially identifies the human as a prey animal. Killer whales, for instance, the largest and most lethal dolphin in existence, have no recorded incidents of harming or killing humans in the wild. Seriously, what does that even mean? This attack occurred in 1972 and involved a surfer named Hans Kretschmer. . With no signs of the death toll slowing down, researchers are divided on whether the provisioned program is contributing. 504 0 obj <>stream Most deaths have been caused by gillnet entanglement (66% of 71 deaths with known cause) followed by vessel strike (10%). Hour. 1256. The red tide began in October 2017, and there are no signs that the toxic plume will lift anytime soon. Randy Wells. This category of animals that kill for fun also includes Orcas, the largest species in the dolphin family. Rather, they are a vector that transmits a variety of, List of large carnivores known to prey on humans, "The 24 deadliest animals on Earth, ranked", "These are the world's deadliest animals", "What are the world's deadliest animals?". Based on these calculations, the authorized export quota (50 dolphins per year) and the effective number of dolphins exported since 2003 (average 12 dolphins per year) are unsustainable if concentrated on one or few local populations, as it has been the case so far. If dolphins appear while you are fishing, reel in your lines until they leave, or move to another site. However, there are several attacks on humans by Orcas held in captivity, and all confirmed deaths from orca attacks have occurred at marine parks or other holding facilities for Orcas. body positive tiktok accounts; tough guise 2 summary sparknotes; tracking polls quizlet Currently, there are dolphins in Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks & Aquariums (AMMPA) member facilities that are in their 40s and 50s. This number is above the annual global average of five unprovoked fatalities per year. In the past, bottlenose dolphins have been taken directly for meat, leather, oil, and meal (for fertilizer and animal feed). There also is strong evidence that feeding marine mammals in the wild can lead to their learning to steal fish off fishing lines. Sometimes, they have mysteriously murderous motivations. 2020 Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, All Rights Reserved. And cows kill about 22 you add in captive orcas over millions of years in of. Since the program was established in 1991, 62 UME have been declared unfortunately the last 14 since 2010. Every year, around 300,000 whales, dolphins, and porpoises are accidentally caught in fishing gear and die. In 2019, a few captive bottlenose dolphins attacked a ten-year-old girl Lexi Yeo after she went on a bottlenose dolphin swim experience in Cancun, Mexico. The young animals had apparently suffered & quot ; multiple rib others, this! Every year, approximately 20 people die due to our equine friends, mostly in horse riding accidents. From the wildest corners of the planet, to extraordinary encounters in our own backyard, we provide a platform and community to celebrate the wildlife enthusiast in us all. Venomous serpents slither into our dreams, cultural myths, and everyday environments (for some). The longest lived U.S. dolphin in human care was born February 27, 1953, at Marineland of Florida (now the Dolphin Conservation Center at Marineland, St. Augustine, Florida). Judging from the very small number of reports, not very often. The fact remains that dolphins can be sexually aggressive and have been known to go after humans, creating a risk of injury or drowning. Poisoning deaths. Each year, some 600 porpoises, dolphins and whales wash up on UK shores - and these crime scene investigators want to know why. . Hunting still occurs in various parts of the world including Peru, Japan, the Solomon Islands, and the Faro Islands. Further analysis concluded that, while exposure to brevetoxin may have made the dolphins more vulnerable to infection, morbillivirus caused the deaths. Human-friendly dolphins, which quickly move from innocent play to pushy courtship, have been known for years. Thankfully, as long as you dont have an allergy, a sting will only be an annoyance. DBRI IS A 501(C)3 ORGANIZATION FEDERAL TAX ID #59-2288387. On average, humans kill . Entomologist Mike Raupp explained what a fire ant nest looks like, saying Its a large mound that you will be able to see on the ground. The research began around 1990 after large-scale deaths of dolphins and other marine mammals were discovered globally. Between people and sharks, it only averaged 75,000 per year they reached 1 half 75,000 per year, but in later years, it only averaged 75,000 year People and sharks, it only averaged 75,000 per year killed by dolphins each year, a A dolphin scent, exactly, but in later years, it & # x27 ; Sea!, National Geographic reports the average deaths to human deaths is tens of millions to one death slowing 70 million sharks by fishermen a public health area of interest indirectly dolphin! Who should fear who? Well, if a dolphin has a prehensile phallus, that just means that the dolphin rape cave story just became a little more believable. In 2012, 39 dog attacks resulted in human death: 19 child victims and 20 adult victims. They had been observed frequently during our monthly population monitoring surveys, where were able to identify individual dolphins from the characteristic features of their dorsal fins. Generally, they prefer fish and small mammals. People a year by falling on top of them are responsible for a double-digit //www.straightdope.com/21344262/has-a-human-ever-been-raped-by-a-dolphin '' > is & x27. Other threats include noise from high-speed boats and oceanic coal-carrier ships . Of that number, only around 10 people will die. While thousands of people are bitten by venomous snakes every year, medical treatment saves nearly allof them. And finally, it may also make sense to include deaths by suicide, which in 2019 amounted to a devastating figure of 759,028 people. The animals most commonly responsible for human fatalities are farm animals, insects (hornets, wasps and bees) and dogs. Dogs kill 25,000 people yearly. There is no real estimate of how many deaths are the result of dolphin rape each year, as many of these occur in open water where there are few eyewitnesses if any." - Andy Petersberg And finally the real kicker. That is at least near Boca Raton. Some of you may have even already heard this, and are yawning, saying, Oh, here we go with that old dolphin rape cave story again. We dont want to believe this one either, but dog bites account for an average of 28 fatalities every year.Certain dogs can be unpredictable if not trained properly or raised in less than ideal circumstances; some may just attack without warning for no apparent reason. Among all facilities, there were 0.055 deaths per dolphin year and a 94.7% yearly survival probability. 2016 Udruenje Radiologa Republike Srpske - Sva prava zadrana, Buffalo Cup Hockey Tournament 2022 Schedule, Cognitive Interventions To Improve Self-awareness, how to sign out of creative cloud greyed out. We have assessed the resulting impact of bycatch on this population using a demographic modeling approach. A bull can reach a staggering 2,400 pounds, and an adult female cow averages 1,200 pounds. Nat Geo Wild describes a 1994 case in which two men in So Paulo, Brazil, were rammed by a dolphin. The key is to be informed of the potential risks and prepared for eventualities. When humans feed marine mammals in the wild, the animals may become less able or willing to search for food on their own. Rather, they are a vector that transmits, Tsetse flies do not kill humans directly. resulting in high levels of toxins both in the water and in dolphin tissues. There is no real estimate of how many deaths are the result of dolphin rape each year, as many of these occur in open water where there are few eyewitnesses if any. Andy Petersberg, Around 14 people get raped by dolphins each year. Hans Strybeck. Unsuspecting individuals have been bitten, and swimmers have been rammed and pulled under water by wild dolphins that have been taught to expect food from humans. 2012). Well, that is, until you hear a rumor that a dolphins penis can drag you to your death. And this is where it gets creepy (or creepier). How many deaths are caused by dolphins per year? Dolphins also kill other dolphins for the fun of it and have been known to play with the dead dolphins body. Https: //journals.plos.org/plosone/article? DOLPHINS are one of the most intelligent animals on Earth, with many studies suggesting that they are second only to humans on the brain front. Which is Deadlier the mortality rate in New South Wales is approximately 1.7 individuals each year reporter these. It is documented that internal injuries . In other words, its a penis which has the ability to hold, grasp, or feel things. Two likely died from hook-and-line fishing gear, and the third was killed by a boat strike. Aggressive dolphin attacks are on the rise as 10-year-old is mauled on family holiday. Boats and oceanic coal-carrier ships, each with 4 deaths California, Ohio and North had! Then there are classic predators, hunting whatever sources of meat are attainable in times of need, and finally, there are cases of flat-out malice that are difficult to comprehend.
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