Listen December 26, 2022 00:49:51 Begley, S. (2009, June 29). If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. 4 Units. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. (2011). Are we giant suckers? This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. The second period is 19391945, when World War II killed 55 million people. A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823. Since Arias wrote these words, the United States has spent more than $5.5 trillion on defense outlays in constant dollars (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010), including $1.3 trillion on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. Shusman, B. The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. The Washington Post. As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. (2012, May 18). Retrieved from http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html. (2012, February 18). It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). SCS 200 Week 1 Short Response Guidelines and Rubric Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. Worrell, M. P. (2011). More than 20,000 nuclear warheads now exist; 4,800 are operational and almost 2,000 (held by the United States and Russia) are on high alert, ready to be used at any time (Federation of American Scientists, 2011). Retrieved from http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories. Planes sprayed and bombed these chemicals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. This fear can take a psychological toll on all members of these families, but perhaps especially on children. When a napalm bomb explodes, it ignites an enormous fireball that burns everything in its path. Women veterans face a special problem that most male veterans do not have to fear. As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. : an American History (Eric Foner) Interpersonal Communication (Kory Floyd) Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. It is a tremendously important branch of research that examines what it means to be a social being, how individuals function together as organized groups and societies, and how they interact with each other on issues of common interest. Vaccine At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was introduced to the world. In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors. Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). Military preparedness does not come cheap. The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. It represents a melding of research fields from social-network analysis to political . As a reminder, the social science principles we focus on in this course are social roles, social institutions, social norms, and beliefs and values. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. The primary mode of research involved survey questionnaires given anonymously to samples, many of them random, of military members. More than 100 million soldiers and civilians are estimated to have died during the international and civil wars of the twentieth century (Leitenberg, 2006). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. Supporters of this role say the military has both protected and advanced the political and economic interests of the United States, while critics, as we have seen, charge that the military has been an instrument of imperialism. These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). Ledbetter, J. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. (2011, July 22). First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). Identify two social science issues related to war. The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. New York, NY: Penguin. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Retrieved from http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf. Bacevich, A. Harrison, T. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html. This $29 billion sum for each submarine during its lifetime could provide 5.8 million scholarships worth $5,000 each to low- and middle-income high school students to help them pay for college. One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. The Navy plans to purchase twelve of these submarines. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. The Three "Waves" That Built the Portfolio. Tirman (2012, p. 107) writes, Surviving Koreans from the onslaught described in detail the chaotic panic they experienced; having believed the Americans were protecting them, they then saw the U.S. troops fire indiscriminately at men, women, and children at the scene. At the end of the three days, about four hundred civilians lay dead. Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. Pew Research Center. (2012). I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Identify two social science issues related to education. In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. This book has emphasized that children are often the innocent victims of various social problems from the time they are born, with important consequences for their futures. Pollin, R., & Garrett-Peltier, H. (2011). Key features include: Although she survived, it took seventeen surgeries to turn her whole again. Betrayal in the Ranks. Rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment in the military: The quick facts. Identify two social science issues related to education. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. The United States has been at war in one-fifth of the years it has existed (Bumiller, 2010). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf (accessed February 16, 2012); Martinez, L. (2011, November 11). Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. Solomon, N. (2006). Some people think of war as a negative thing, and some people . Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. This type of research accelerated, however, after several scandals involving sexual assault and harassment occurred during the 1990s on military bases and at military academies. To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). The social science research informs everything from national security to technology development to healthcare and economic management. Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. As a result, reported rapes and sexual assaults compose only a very small percentage of all military rapes and sexual assaults. All these killings were outright slaughter. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. Within that society, characterize one of the social science principles we identified in this learning block. Choose one of the five social institutions. Between 1861 and 1865, at least 618,000 and perhaps as many as 750,000 soldiers in both the Union and the Confederacy died on the battlefield or from disease. Depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems such as insomnia are the most common effects. War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. A prime example of this latter dynamic is the Vietnam War. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. Explores key concepts, issues, and trends in the interdisciplinary field of veterans studies. Leisure studies examine issues related to leisure, including recreation, tourism, events, and sport. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). The trend continued in 2013, when we funded seven projects. A concerted effort needed to help homeless veterans. . An Associated Press photo of her running naked and screaming with burns after her village was napalmed was one of the most memorable photos of that war. Union of Concerned Scientists. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. to social improvement. Shah, A. To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. New York Times, June 23, p. A19. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Want to create or adapt books like this? The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. Arias, O. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. Tirman, J. Another issue would be the stress on the families who have a service member deployed in a war zone . Identify two social science issues related to war. Generally accepted as falling under the heading social science are sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics, although debates still rage within these disciplines as to the degree to which each is a humanity versus a science. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . This latter fact needs some explanation. If this high rate had held true during the twentieth century, 2 billion people would have died in twentieth-century wars rather than the 100 million who did die (Pinker, 2012). In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. It soon became the biggest social and economical problem for the whole world. 29/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 24 Hours. Nuclear weapons overview. . Still, tensions often arise. As discussed earlier, President Eisenhower eloquently warned about the influence of the US military and the size of the military budget. Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. If we say the history of the United States has been written in war, that is not too much of an exaggeration. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. The United States, of course, began with the colonial war against England. The attention just given to civilians should in no way obscure or minimize the fact that veterans are also casualties of war. Halperin, S. (2004). They say the United States could safely decrease its nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals without at all endangering national security. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. A psychological toll on all members of these families experience, Ms salaries of 10,000 new teachers part... 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