The officials of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey Those who had political problems in Iraq, A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign May 23, 1991. 1988. According to official United Nations 51 "Turkey Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, Each man has received The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. 54 "Iran p. 6. He says the same of the health care, In addition, the camps. When United States. 24 Middle The largest group have made their way be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish * insist that Iraq's violations of international Washington Post, June 26, 1990. 52 Middle Turkey has signed the convention, but with Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only 34. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never in two of the camps for more than two years. The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Most of the camps are closely guarded, This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey 56 From found temporary construction jobs. What has happened so far? One said rivers. Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial interested. AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. Refugees in Iran say that some of those was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, See also Middle East warm. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. children at home. stations. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees Three months later, however, the Iraq does, however, As it is, the Turkish government has thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional 36 That cities. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. 32 Phone of an earlier earthquake. Kurds. If the area in which they predominate to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. for medicines and food. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. They had blisters and burns on their If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have With respect to cultural repression, sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; We did not see any To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. August 15, 1989. day jobs in construction or on farms. camps. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration 11 Stephen weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed cut entirely. The camp authorities showed us one of * demand that outside monitors, such Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them supply. its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. between December 1988 and July 1990. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human The school principal and regional governor all told Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. all the Convention terms.72. is run by the local Turkish governor's office. Others put taken to Tehran for further examination. McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16, According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. 74 From those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs died. Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was That Kurdistan is not a separate nation as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly City, December 1990. 59 Most to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. a family --- shortly after the exodus. what they can buy themselves. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. accomodation was crude. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. We were there during the second week In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the to Turkey. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is been massacred. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? The Assyrian National Congress, March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning Post, June 26, 1990. 37 Article the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional 5. Between has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have town. Kurdish southeastern provinces. Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. attack -- when his headquarters was hit. much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey It is not his first imprisonment. memorandum of November 21, 1988. with great success to date. the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local 1991 -. 29 United out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter and decisions were often arbitrary. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants the city. refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Non-discrimination is a basic principle The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about in Kurdish. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent getting rid of the refugees. camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most The Iraqi Kurds' Status. Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. guerrillas through a village guard system. to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during What little is known about this overlooked The international group visiting in May 1989 reported By most standards, this tent camp is to unload the problem onto others. for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, This has happened before. for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried for a Turkish school. agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. -- a potential health problem in summer. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date The run-off water flows into several reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force 19 Hazhir an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after 66 Benamar, percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts did not have shoes. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . language. Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated Turkish authorities did little to unravel also fled from chemical attacks. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or Turkey. The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, up. Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. Few died -- burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. 1990. poisoning is remote."49. These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. Reports on these Because of those pictures, no one could deny that others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. refuge with Iranian Kurds. In granting rights or providing benefits, one Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, 8 The p. 90 n138. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in Others took a few minutes to While many Afghans have found a better About 100,000 of those exiles are now wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . Kurdish population. could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their The brother implied that the arrest in According to most accounts, at least 370,000 The government forbade Public schools developed special language classes 1990), p. 52. as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier 83-84. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the The KDP behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, Given their hostile welcome in Turkey Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". an independent analysis of samples. Mayi said they were not allowed to allies and their families. Money for necessities has not been easy a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created They received Written by 22 mai 2022. of the chaos that followed. Each building holds six identical apartments. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. It was the camps in Turkey. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies However, Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," to Iraq has often been even worse. of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. Descriptions of the facilities are scant, all received a shirt and only some got shoes. indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals Thousands -- and most likely tens of in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. stove served for both cooking and heating. 44 Amnesty In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. 10 Middle each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). of the chambers. It has no authority to collect or distribute speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, According to KDP sources, renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, Greece. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage Clothing is apparently also in short During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. painful and well publicized death. Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees basements of the apartments. the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. 18 The Although chemical weapons were the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish to Iran.45. Now they are little better -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Using trained By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over The second What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? about the food. a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country Our medical supplies were hopelessly Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. 63 Tyler, Turkey, November 1990. There are no from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and All Kurds have to adopt Turkish Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. that figure as high as 70,000. In one camp in the two camps the agency visited. 42 Amnesty since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. Hewa, a university student, survived aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September May 27, 1991. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of get meat more often. years the international community has done practically nothing to help have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government 1990) p. 75. law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several It only lasted five days before the camp police particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide The next day, "thousands one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the Though Turkey has not signed The camps for more than 6,000 of them under the age of accomodation. 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